A EFETIVA IMPLANTAÇÃO DAS UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL POR MEIO DA DESAPROPRIAÇÃO

In light of the countless pressures and significant interferences to which protected landscapes in cities are subjected, the main objective of the present research is to compare environmental measures aimed at the planning and management of conservation units in Brazil and Italy, particularly those related to the protection of natural resources, considering, as case studies, the Iguacu Environmental Protection Area, in the Brazilian context (Curitiba, Parana) and the Po Fluvial Park, in the Italian context (Turin region). Using a multi-method system, the investigation starts by defining the theoretical basis of the subject, which is divided into conceptual, institutional and legislative modules. Following a detailed description of the methodological structure, the study areas are characterized and the changes in their physical, biological and anthropic components, in the period between 2000 and 2012, are interpreted. Next, the environmental vulnerability of the study areas is assessed based on an analysis of physical susceptibility, biological fragility and anthropic pressure as well as an interpretation of the connectivity networks among forest fragments. With a view to improving the basis for planning and management of conservation units within the urban management process, the compatibility between the results obtained and the proposed zoning for the protected areas studied is analyzed. The main findings are that, at the regional level, environmental vulnerability in both conservation units is homogeneously distributed among the classes. In the surrounding areas, low levels of physical susceptibility and biological fragility are identified, associated to high levels of anthropic pressure, resulting in reduced vulnerability. The specific areas, in each protected area, have high physical susceptibility. However, reduced biological fragility and higher anthropic pressure are observed in Iguacu Environmental Protection Area, resulting in lower vulnerability than in Po Fluvial Park. It could be inferred, from the comparative analysis of the proposed zoning, the data on environmental vulnerability and the shape of the connectivity networks, that the conditions of Po Fluvial Park are more coherent. In the Brazilian case, inconsistencies in the Service Sector are observed, as a result of the high percentage of areas with high vulnerability and connectivity. Of note is the absence of any areas with these characteristics in the Transition and Sports Sectors. Interpretation of the changes in the landscape that took place between the years 2000 and 2012 indicates greater stability in the case of the Italian park. More significant changes are observed in the Transition and Services Sectors of Iguacu Environmental Protection Area, reflecting deficiencies in the management of these spaces. Therefore, the hypothesis that abiotic, biotic and human conditions are essential for the protection of the conservation units is confirmed. Furthermore, it is concluded that assessment of environmental vulnerability and connectivity networks are effective tools to support decision making, both inside protected areas as well as in the surrounding areas with a view to conserving biological diversity and protecting natural landscapes in the urban environment

Sustainability and traceability in marine cultured pearl production

The society and related research fields were paying close attention to make great efforts to promote the construction level of ecological civilization in China. And measuring and evaluating the status of eco-economic development always was the focus and difficulty in current researches. Based on the methods of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the concept of Eco-Factor of Economic Growth and Ecological Efficiency, combined with the fact of research area, the index system of Ecological Economy Index (EEI), which includes social development, economic growth, ecological building, resource use and environmental protection, was built up to measure and evaluate the eco-economic system’s development situation. The weights of all indicators in the EEI system were acquired from the method of expert consultation. All the methods were applied to assess the eco-economic development situation in Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone of Jiangxi Province. The results showed that: (i) The model of EEI could intuitively apply to reflect the eco-economic development situation and coordinate extent of the assessment units in the Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone, which could provide some scientific guides on finding breakthrough point of evaluating eco-economic level for concerned management departments and policies making organizations. (ii) There were distinct differences of Ecological Economy Index value between the counties, cities or districts. Wannian county was on the best situation with the highest EEI value (EEI=55.74), and Ruichang city was found to be on the worst eco-economic development situation with the lowest EEI value (EEI=28.65). (iii) The developed counties (cities or districts) with high EEI value should improve resource use’s efficiency, protect environment and strengthen ecological construction. The other areas should effectively combine the speed with the quality of economic growth in the process of eco-economic development. (iv) The counties (cities or districts) with low EEI values should develop economics, improve the quality of economic growth, and increase the efficiency of resources use under the same time of protecting environment. (v) The overall score of the EEI value of Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone was on a lower level with 38.37, enhancing environmental protection and resources use level was the main measure in the future. At last, the constructing method of EEI system and some problems were discussed creatively.

Imboacica Lagoon is an ecosystem heavily impacted by economic growth driven by oil and gas industry. These impacts, such as disordered land occupation, dilution of untreated domestic sewage and industrial effluents without proper monitoring can be perceived throughout the water body. Despite of its many environmental problems, this ecosystem has outstanding scenic beauty and its ecological importance has been exhaustively studied, regarding its actual and possible uses, among which fishing can be detached. Regarding strategic localization and environmental relevance of Imboacica Lagoon, this work aims to identify possible vegetation fragments in order to propose the creation of a Conservation Unit to reinforce environmental protection for the site. To do so, besides literature search, a survey of nearby Conservation Units in conjunction with a research on water and land uses in Imboacica Lagoon surroundings was done. Thus, it was possible to indicate priority areas for conservation of biodiversity and water resource sustainability.

The tenth of 20 years of International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys within New Zealand by Professor Philip Gendall, Department of Marketing, Massey University.A verbose rundown on topics covered follows.Attitudes towards environmental protection. Preferred government measures for environmental protection. Private entrepreneurs as best possibility to solve economic problems; responsibility of the government to reduce income differences among the citizens; highest and next highest priority in the own country; attitude to modern science (scale); attitude to the environment (scale); judgement on the contrast of environmental protection and economic growth; attitude to animal experiments in pharmacology; economic growth harms the environment; earth cannot continue to support population growth at its present rate; attitude towards nature as creation of God, spiritual or sacred in itself or important but not spiritual.Willingness to pay higher prices and higher taxes or to accept reductions in standard of living for the benefit of protection of the environment; self-classification of participation in environmental protection (scale); knowledge about manner of functioning of antibiotics as destructive agent for bacteria or virus; understanding the theory of evolution; artificially produced chemicals as cause for cancer; knowledge of the danger of death from radioactivity; knowledge about the causes for the greenhouse effect; estimation of dangerousness of air pollution caused by cars for the environment, for the respondent and his family.Classification of air pollution from industrial waste gases, pesticides and chemicals in agriculture, water pollution and a rise in the world’s temperature caused by the greenhouse effect, the modification of genes of certain crops as dangerous for the environment; preference for the regulation of environmental protection by the government, the population or the economy; estimation of the efforts of the own country to protect the world environment; more effort for the environment by business and industry, people in general or the government; attitude towards international agreements for environmental problems that each country should be made to follow; agreement with poorer countries to make less effort than richer countries to protect the environment; economic progress will slow down without better protection of the environment.Likelihood of an ecological catastrophe within the next five years caused by a nuclear accident; trust in business and industry, environmental groups, government departments, newspapers, radio or TV programmes and university research centres as information sources about environmental issues; frequency of own efforts to sort glass or tins or plastic or newspapers for recycling; frequency of not using the car for environmental reasons; membership in an environmental protection organization; personal environmental political activities in the last five years through participation in signing petitions, giving donations to environmental groups as well as participating in demonstrations.Beliefs in God; residential status; estimation of the dangerousness of nuclear power stations for the environment; government should redistribute income; people can do little to change lives; people challenge authority too often; people with money should be left to enjoy it; people should follow conscience even if they break the law; private enterprise needs control; all societies have inequalities; the world is getting better.Demography: Age; sex; marital status; steady life-partner; years in school; current employment status; occupation (ISCO-88); employment in public sector; self-employed; number of employees; hours worked weekly; supervisor function; earnings of the respondent; family income; religious denomination; attendance of religious services; self-assessment of social class; union membership; party affiliation (left-right); size of household; household cycle; type of community: urban-rural; in some countries: ethnic affiliation of respondent and language.

Background. One of the relevant trends of modern tourism development is ecological tourism, the root ideas of which are based on the provisions of environmental economics – an interdisciplinary scientific approach, widely spread at the moment, which integrates the achievements of economics, ecology and ethics. This objective of this article is to examine the conditions for the effective development of ecological tourism on the basis of the analysis of touristic and recreational potential of the territory of the Southern Moscow region and to establish its influence on the prospects of the touristic activity in the region. Method. The main approach to examining this problem in the article is the principle of unity of ecology, economics and culture which provides an opportunity to examine the pre-requisites for recreational potential of the territory in a versatile manner. While conducting the research presented in the article methods of analysis and classification of factual information and the method of scaling for ranking the territories with different recreational potential were applied. Findings. This article defines the notion of a recreational potential of the territory as a combination of pre-requisites for organization of recreational activity, presents a classification of recreational resources as a basis of a recreational potential, and specifies their content. The article argues that the recreational areas formation principle shall involve the dependency between the environmental value and the degree of anthropogenic impact on it: the higher the environmental value is, the less the anthropogenic interference should be, as well as the environmental protection measures defined more clearly. In order to examine the touristic and recreational potential of the Moscow region the article features the analysis of the natural recreational resources, including climatic and geographical characteristics, involving the cultural and historical ones, providing the analysis of the material base for tourism development. The article develops the criteria of touristic and recreational potential, which include the presence of natural resources, cultural and historical resources, number of facilities for tourists' catering and accommodation, availability of transport system, and places of resort, entertainment and culture. Based on these criteria the territory districts groups with similar potential and efficiency of its use are identified; conclusions on positive and negative sides of touristic and recreational potential of the study territory, as well as on the prospects of the ecological tourism, are made. Improvements. The materials of this study have practical value for the analysis and evaluation of efficiency of the territories' use with objective of the ecological tourism development and enhancement of the region's touristic value.

The concern with the environment is a reality of contemporary society, and gives rise to new doctrinal discussions about the best tools to be used to provide its protection. At this juncture, the article aims to present the construction of the concept of ecological interference as legal instrument that can safeguard the environment from the ecological damage. Therefore, from a bibliographical analysis of the specialized doctrine, the environmental protection is bonded to fundamental human rights to build the argument that harmful environmental behaviors would warrant the interference of one or more States, the example of what happens in the humanitarian field. It is concluded that this ecological interference is not devoid of risks, and a critical analysis of the interests at stake must be made.

Understanding stakeholder involvement in the policy and management of migratory taxa in the Australian marine environment: a case study approach

The key measures for the environmental protection of agricultural land in the EEC countries, constitute accompanying measures of reformed Common Agricultural Policy. These measures concern the Reg. 2078/92/EEC about "crop production methods, compatible with environmental protection and conservation of landscape", the Reg. 2079/92/EEC about " farmers' early retirement" and the Reg. 2080/92/EEC (article 3 1 of the Reg. 1257/99/EEC) about "forest measures in agriculture". With regard to the applications of the last Regulation in Greece, it led to the afforestation of 22,777 Ha of broadleaves species (Robinia pseudoacacia, Juglans regia, Populus sp.) The cost was approximately 22.2 billion drs (64.563.463 euro). The present study concerns the evaluation and application of Regulation 2080192 in the region of Pella's Prefecture (Northern Greece), as a representative area. In the period 1993-1998, 2,600 Ha of agricultural land was planted with forest species (mainly Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus sp., Juglans regia). However, a great number of farmers' and nonfarmers' applications in the framework of this Regulation, were rejected. In general, several thousand hectares of mixed agroforestry systems were set up in the rural areas of Greece. The study was based on the collection and analysis of data supplied by the Forest Service and questionnaires filled in by beneficiaries. The data were analysed with SPSS 10.0 and the cluster analysis method was used. Transactions on Ecology and the Environment vol 67, © 2003 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541

Обґрунтовано концепцію створення систем моніторингу на підставі системних і інформаційних технологій синтезу структури, аналізу динаміки та інформаційних моделей у процедурах оброблення даних, як основи створення систем екологічного моніторингу. Описано ситуацію в сучасному світі щодо стану екології та охорони довкілля, яка потребує прийняття невідкладних заходів, розроблення нових методів контролю, управління, необхідних для забезпечення зменшення рівня ризиків і підвищення якості середовища. Розроблено комплекс систем контролю за станом екологічного середовища та оцінювання впливу техногенних структур на підставі використання інформаційних технологій відбору й опрацювання даних і інтелектуальних систем інтерпретації і представлення ситуації. Розроблено систему моніторингу: внутрішнього – для екоконтролю технологічного процесу та зовнішнього – для оцінювання стану екосередовища, яка забезпечить протиаварійну безпеку техногенних енергоактивних систем та можливого забруднення екологічного середовища, на підставі комплексного підходу з використанням системного аналізу та інформаційних технологій. Проаналізовано структуру системи моніторингу, розглянуто системні методи та інформаційні технології для створення засобів контролю моніторингу. Обґрунтовано концепції екосистем з використанням лазерної діагностики, а також метод кількісного аналізу екосередовища. Такий підхід забезпечить можливість мінімізувати ризики за рахунок достатності інформації і підвищення ефективності контролю. Інтеграція засобів системного аналізу та інформаційних технологій забезпечує вирішення проблем моніторингу та охорони довкілля на новому якісному рівні.

Spatio-temporal dynamics and hydro-ecology of intermittent streams in eastern Australia

The scientific community has paid close attention to the ka rst region for its unique environment. Early research mainly focused on inorganic natural environment, such as hydrology, geology and geochemistry of the karst area. In the past decades, land degradation in karst area has become more and more serious, even lead to rocky desertification. The fragile ecosystems and human activities in the region attract more and more attention gradually. The karst area in the southwestern China is the largest continuous karst zone in the world. Population pressure and poverty are typical in this area. The economy is in underdevelopment. The ecology is fragile and the land is degrading seriously. Therefore, the contradiction between man and the nature is unusually fierce. To reconstruct the environment and promote the development of society and economy become out of most urgent tasks in the Western Development of China. Fragile environment, increasing population pressure and continual land degeneration result in the impossibility for some karst area to rely on it's own strength to reform ecology. So it's necessary to carry out the ecological rehabilitation based on the scientific research, management and plan, and to increase related external input. This paper has summarized the theory, method, technology and model of ecological rehabilitation. The author considers land degradation of the karst area as the representation of the regional man-nature complicated huge system structure and its disorderly function. So unilateral environmental protection and simple ecological management are not enough to solve this kind of systematic problem. The ecological rehabilitation of the area needs to utilize the thought and methods of systematic science. The following issues are need to be studied furthermore: ① The land degradation process in the past 30～50 years; ②The contribution of human and natural factors respectively to land degradation; ③Human's driving force to land degradation, such as social economic factors, policy and the habits of the local people, etc.;④The key process of land degradation and the th reshold of advancing degradation to system crashing; ⑤The principle, theory, method and technology of ecological rehabilitation ; ⑥Scaling and coupling of different spatial scales;⑦The security system of regional ecology rehabilitation.

Background and Aim: Nowadays, the environment and its protection have become one of the most important social and bioethics issues in the world of humanity. This study was conducted to investigate environmental crimes and provide prevention strategies. Materials and methods: In this analytical study, published materials related to the topic were collected and analyzed using library method. Then, recommendations have provided based on a preventive and ethical approach. Findings: In general, the most important environmental problems are air pollution caused by industrial activities, pollution of water resources through the entry of urban and industrial wastewater into rivers, the lack of standardization in urban waste management, soil pollution due to the input of toxic substances and construction waste. Some environmental offenses include threats to public health, deliberate destruction of trees, excessive livestock grazing, unauthorized construction. Among the ways to prevent such crimes include legislative changes, conduct training courses for lawyers, the use of alternative prison sentences and the participation of people and NGOs in preventing environmental crimes. Also, criminal offenses enacted by legal entities and their importance require a criminal liability plan. Conclusion: Environmental crimes are one of the most important problems of human communities that have the ability to destroy it by affecting all aspects of community's life. Therefore, public participation in environmental protection in the form of NGOs, promoting community culture through mass media and cyberspace and updating the rules and regulations in this area are recommended. Please cite this article as: Kashkoulian E, Sheikholeslami A, Naghavi M. Environmental Crimes and Preventive Strategies. Bioethics Journal 2019; 9(32): 101-110.

EMPRESAS SOCIALES RURALES, ESTRATEGIA DE DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE Y CONSERVACION DEL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL INMATERIAL. CASO: “AMARANTO (Amaranthus spp) DE MESOAMERICA”

Issues related to the rational processing of industrial waste and the protection of the environment are of particular importance. The prerequisite for writing this article was the ecological situation in Kazakhstan. Currently, many industrial enterprises have accumulated and continue to accumulate man-caused waste of production processes that not only pollute the atmosphere and, washed away by rain and snow, pollute the water basin of nearby areas. The work of CHP is one of the main polluters of the environment, mainly the air basin. CHP plants operating on traditional types of fuel contribute up to 30 % of the volume of harmful emissions of the atmosphere, pollute the land and water with combustion products and sewage. Technogenic wastes occupy hundreds of thousands of hectares of fertile land. In them, the content of non-ferrous metals reaches up to 5 %, iron up to 45 %, in addition, some of them contain noble metals. The bulk of this waste is siliceous materials, which are the main source of building materials. In Kazakhstan, as yet, they have not been engaged in the utilization of ash, these are technogenic waste from the thermal power station. Known methods of processing such raw materials do not fully comply with modern requirements of scientific and technological progress. Dumps of ash and slag materials occupy large areas, and their content requires significant operating costs, which affect the increase in the cost of production of energy. They are a source of environmental pollution, present a danger to public health and a threat to the plant and animal life of the surrounding areas. Especially dangerous are ash dumps located near water basins (rivers and lakes), because of the possible breakthrough of dams. Effective utilization of coal energy coal plants can help significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment and improve the economic performance of the enterprise. In general, ash is widely used in various industries and has good market prospects. There are available technologies for ash utilization, some of which are widely used commercially. At present, the main quantity of ash is used in the construction industry - this is the production of cement, bricks, cellular concrete products, slag blocks, lightweight aggregates, roofing material, expanded clay, construction of dams for ash dumps, construction and repair of roads. The use of ashes and slags of CHP as building materials is the most ambitious direction and can solve the problem of building materials shortage in the regions of Kazakhstan in the future. Due to the use of ash waste, we can save up to 30 % of cement and more than 50 % of natural aggregates, thereby reducing the thermal conductivity of concrete will reduce the mass of buildings and structures. To attract investments in order to increase the level of processing and use of ash waste, it is possible to use interest in the purchase of ash and slag from the thermal power stations of Kazakhstan in those Western European countries and the Middle East, where there are not enough sources of mineral raw materials in sufficient quantities. The solution of the above problems is necessary to increase the level of utilization of ash waste with a view to reducing their accumulation, improving the environmental situation in the vicinity of the CHP plant, as well as receiving income from the sale of products produced on the basis of ash waste.