Abstract
Abstract. The large-scale system of ocean currents that transport warm waters in the upper 1000 m northward and return deeper cooler waters southward is known as the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Variations in the AMOC have significant repercussions for the climate system; hence, there is a need for long-term monitoring of AMOC fluctuations. Currently the longest record of continuous directly measured AMOC changes is from the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS programme, initiated in 2004. The RAPID programme and other mooring programmes have revolutionised our understanding of large-scale circulation; however, by design they are constrained to measurements at a single latitude and cannot tell us anything pre-2004. Nearly global coverage of surface ocean data from satellite altimetry has been available since the launch of the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite in 1992 and has been shown to provide reliable estimates of surface ocean transports on interannual timescales including previous studies that have investigated empirical correlations between sea surface height variability and the overturning circulation. Here we show a direct calculation of ocean circulation from satellite altimetry of the upper mid-ocean transport (UMO), the Gulf Stream transport through the Florida Straits (GS), and the AMOC using a dynamically based method that combines geostrophy with a time mean of the vertical structure of the flow from the 26∘ N RAPID moorings. The satellite-based transport captures 56 %, 49 %, and 69 % of the UMO, GS, and AMOC transport variability, respectively, from the 26∘ N RAPID array on interannual (18-month) timescales. Further investigation into the vertical structure of the horizontal transport shows that the first baroclinic mode accounts for 83 % of the interior geostrophic variability, and the combined barotropic and first baroclinic mode representation of dynamic height accounts for 98 % of the variability. Finally, the methods developed here are used to reconstruct the UMO and the AMOC for the time period pre-dating RAPID, 1993 to 2003. The effective implementation of satellite-based method for monitoring the AMOC at 26∘ N lays down the starting point for monitoring large-scale circulation at all latitudes.
Highlights
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is the large-scale oceanic circulation comprised of currents that carry warm, shallow water northward and return cold deep water southward
In a study focused on the impact of eddy dynamics on basin-wide transport, Kanzow et al (2009) tested whether geostrophic transport could be obtained by combining geostrophic surface flow from SSH with the dominant vertical mode of horizontal velocity; they found that the correlation between the difference in SSH at eastern and western end points of the basin had little skill in capturing the upper mid-ocean transport and suggested that the reason for this was not enough satellite data close to the shelf as well as changes in the vertical structure of the flow moving toward the western boundary
The EFW15 TMOC was estimated by adding the same estimates of TEK (ERA-Interim) and TGS used by RAPID to the TUMO
Summary
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is the large-scale oceanic circulation comprised of currents that carry warm, shallow water northward and return cold deep water southward. In a study focused on the impact of eddy dynamics on basin-wide transport, Kanzow et al (2009) tested whether geostrophic transport could be obtained by combining geostrophic surface flow from SSH with the dominant vertical mode of horizontal velocity; they found that the correlation between the difference in SSH at eastern and western end points of the basin had little skill in capturing the upper mid-ocean transport and suggested that the reason for this was not enough satellite data close to the shelf as well as changes in the vertical structure of the flow moving toward the western boundary.
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