Abstract
Cellulose waste from UHT milk carton is readily transformed into a novel substrate for colorimetric and electrochemical lactate sensor as milk spoilage indication for the first time. For colorimetric sensor, the cellulose is prepared by using alkali and bleach treatment, followed by enzymatic immobilization on its surface. For electrochemical sensor, the cellulose is immersed into extracted aluminum solution to create conductive working electrode with increased surface roughness compared with recycle cellulose verified by atomic force microscopy. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate 3D fibrous network of cellulose with air interstices in between and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows a binding energy of 73.456 eV confirming the presence of Al–O bond after immersing cellulose into aluminum solution. The colorimetric sensor shows the intense purpleness upon the increase of lactate concentration, while the aluminum coated cellulose electrode exhibits the enhanced current response towards the increased lactate concentration. This dual-lactate sensor offers a linearity of 0.125–2 M, covering a cut-off lactate level (1.0 M) for milk spoilage. Ultimately, this sensor is successfully applied for lactate determination in real milk samples, validated by a standard HPLC.
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