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Abstract
In the present theoretical note we examine how different learning constraints, thought to be involved in optimizing the mapping of print to meaning during reading acquisition, might shape the nature of the orthographic code involved in skilled reading. On the one hand, optimization is hypothesized to involve selecting combinations of letters that are the most informative with respect to word identity (diagnosticity constraint), and on the other hand to involve the detection of letter combinations that correspond to pre-existing sublexical phonological and morphological representations (chunking constraint). These two constraints give rise to two different kinds of prelexical orthographic code, a coarse-grained and a fine-grained code, associated with the two routes of a dual-route architecture. Processing along the coarse-grained route optimizes fast access to semantics by using minimal subsets of letters that maximize information with respect to word identity, while coding for approximate within-word letter position independently of letter contiguity. Processing along the fined-grained route, on the other hand, is sensitive to the precise ordering of letters, as well as to position with respect to word beginnings and endings. This enables the chunking of frequently co-occurring contiguous letter combinations that form relevant units for morpho-orthographic processing (prefixes and suffixes) and for the sublexical translation of print to sound (multi-letter graphemes).
Highlights
The starting point of the present endeavor is the traditional dualroute model of reading aloud, that distinguishes between a lexical route and a non-lexical route for transforming print to sound (Ellis and Young, 1988; Coltheart et al, 1993, 2001; Zorzi, 2010)
Along the so-called indirect, non-lexical route, sublexical orthographic information is first transformed into a sublexical phonological code before making contact with phonological output units, whole-word phonological representations, and semantics
The BIAM can be seen as a localist implementation of the generic division of labor or “triangle” approach to visual word recognition, in which there are two routes from orthography to semantics – a direct route and an indirect route via phonology (Seidenberg and McClelland, 1989; Plaut et al, 1996)
Summary
The starting point of the present endeavor is the traditional dualroute model of reading aloud, that distinguishes between a lexical route and a non-lexical route for transforming print to sound (Ellis and Young, 1988; Coltheart et al, 1993, 2001; Zorzi, 2010). In its most recent form, the dual-route approach provides a comprehensive account of phenomena related to the process of reading aloud in skilled adult readers and dyslexics (Perry et al, 2007, 2010) This general approach was adopted for silent word reading in the bi-modal interactive-activation model (BIAM, see Figure 1; Grainger and Ferrand, 1994; Jacobs et al, 1998; Grainger and Ziegler, 2008; Diependaele et al, 2010). This principle encourages model development that builds on prior success and adjusts to prior failures In this respect, the BIAM incorporates key aspects of McClelland and Rumelhart’s (1981) interactive-activation model, as well as Grainger and Jacobs’ (1996) extension of this model, which was put forward to account for a certain number of task-specific phenomena related to visual word recognition. These two types of orthographic codes are hypothesized to have developed as a result of the nature www.frontiersin.org
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