A dual receptors-targeting and size-switchable “cluster bomb” co-loading chemotherapeutic and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA-1) inhibitor for treatment of triple negative breast cancer

Abstract

Oxidative-stress defense system stands for the vulnerability of tumor cells because of the stronger oxidative stress existing in tumor sites. TRPA-1 has been found to be overexpressed in various tumors, related to the tumor proliferation and metastasis, and promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chemotherapy tolerance through Ca2+-dependent anti-apoptotic pathway in recent studies, which provides a new anti-tumor approach to target oxidative-stress defense system. However, there are few studies on the mechanisms of TRPA-1 inhibition increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy and inhibiting tumor metastasis. Here, in order to deliver drugs to the deep tumor where is full of stronger oxidative stress, a dual receptors-targeting and size-switchable “cluster bomb” co-loading doxorubicine (DOX) and TRPA-1 inhibitor AP-18 (DA-tMN) was designed. DSPE-PEG2000 micelles (M, ~10 nm) were connected to the master core of hyaluronic acid nanogels (N, ~100 nm) to realize HAase-responsive size-switchable and acquired targeting characteristics. Besides, tumor homing peptide tLyP-1 (t) was modified on the surface of micelles to further increase tumor accumulation. Our study showed that tLyP-1 modification enhanced tumor-targeting delivery of tLyP-1-modified micelles @ nanogels (tMN) in vitro and in vivo. Then, HAase responsive nanogel core realized the deep penetration of tMN in 4 T1 3D tumor spheres models and 4 T1 tumor-bearing mice models. In vitro anti-tumor and anti-metastasis mechanism studies indicated that AP-18 increased the sensitivity of tumor cells to DOX by inhibiting Ca2+ influx and AKT phosphorylation caused by DOX. Compared with DOX-loaded tLyP-1-modified micelles @ nanogels (D-tMN), DA-tMN had the enhanced anti-tumor and anti-metastasis effect in vitro and vivo. Furthermore, the further anti-metastasis mechanism studies showed that TRPA-1 inhibition downregulate the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin and upregulate the expression of E-cadherin, which suggested that metastases inhibition caused by TRPA-1 inhibition may be related to the inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process.