Abstract
A dual knowledge representation is discussed which encompasses the instructor's organization of pedagogical knowledge and the domain expert's structuring of conceptual knowledge. This representation forms the basis of the knowledge structures of ITS Challenger, a domain-independent environment in which intelligent training systems (ITS) can be developed. The intelligent features of systems developed through ITS Challenger include adaptation to the student's knowledge level, dynamic problem generation, error analysis and student feedback. The instructional design methodology is based on objectives that are associated with learning types and instructional strategies. An ITS in orbital dynamics has been developed and has demonstrated its effectiveness as an instructional tool.
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