Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common malignancies among men and is the second leading cause of cancer death. PC immunotherapy has taken relatively successful steps in recent years, and these treatments are still being developed and tested. Evidence suggests that immunotherapy using cytokines as essential mediators in the immune system may help treat cancer. It has been shown that cytokines play an important role in anti-tumor defense. On the other hand, other cytokines can also favor the tumor and suppress anti-tumor responses. Moreover, the dose of cytokine in cancer cytokine-based immunotherapy, as well as the side effects of high doses, can also affect the outcomes of treatment. Cytokines can also be determinative in the outcome of other immunotherapy methods used in PC. In this review, the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cancer and their impacts on the main types of immunotherapies in the treatment of PC are discussed.
Highlights
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common malignancies among men, affecting approximately 1,600,000 people worldwide each year, killing more than 300,000 people [1]
A study used chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell-specific for prostatespecific membrane antigen (PSMA) that was resistant to tumor growth factor-b (TGF-b) by infecting CD8+ T cells obtained from metastatic castration-resistant PC patients with a retroviral construct in a mouse xenograft model, and the findings showed that CAR-T cells could lysis the tumor PSMA+ PC3 cells but not PSMA- PC3 tumor cells
Apoptosis of the tumor cells, infiltration of CD8+ cells, as well as amplified interferon g (IFN-g) and IL-2 levels were only realized in PSMA+ PC3 tumor cells [89]. These findings suggest that CAR-T cells can have positive therapeutic effects in treating PC, eliminating tumor cells expressing specific antigens and increasing levels of cytokines that are effective in anti-tumor defense
Summary
A Double-Edged Sword Role of Cytokines in Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy. PC immunotherapy has taken relatively successful steps in recent years, and these treatments are still being developed and tested. Evidence suggests that immunotherapy using cytokines as essential mediators in the immune system may help treat cancer. It has been shown that cytokines play an important role in anti-tumor defense. Other cytokines can favor the tumor and suppress anti-tumor responses. The dose of cytokine in cancer cytokine-based immunotherapy, as well as the side effects of high doses, can affect the outcomes of treatment. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cancer and their impacts on the main types of immunotherapies in the treatment of PC are discussed
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