Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes has increased over the past years. Therefore, developing minimally invasive, user-friendly, and cost-effective glucose biosensors is necessary especially in low-income and developing countries. Cellulose paper-based analytical devices have attracted the attention of many researchers due to affordability, not requiring trained personnel, and complex equipment. This paper describes a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for detecting glucose concentration in tear range with the naked eye. The paper-based biosensor fabricated by laser CO2; and glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase (GOx/HRP) enzyme solution coupled with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) were utilized as reagents. A sample volume of 10μl was needed for the biosensor operation and the results were observable within 5min. The color intensity-based and distance-based results were analyzed by ImageJ and Tracker to evaluate the device performance. Distance-based results showed a linear behavior in 0.1-1.2mM with an R2 = 0.9962 and limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1mM. The results could be perceived by the naked eye without needing additional equipment or trained personnel in a relatively short time (3-5min).
Highlights
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is the major reason for mortality and health-related problems in developing countries (Martinkova and Pohanka 2015; Turner and Fragkou 2008)
This paper describes a microfluidic paper-based analytical device for the detection of glucose in tear with the naked eye
To achieve an appropriate performance for the μPAD glucose biosensor, various factors were evaluated and color intensity-based and distance-based results were obtained considering the type of the test
Summary
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is the major reason for mortality and health-related problems in developing countries (Martinkova and Pohanka 2015; Turner and Fragkou 2008). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 422 million people have diabetes all over the world (2020). Microfluidics has attracted the attention of many biosensor researchers over the last decade. Sensors that have microfluidic technology can detect molecules in small sample volumes. Reduction of the sample volume, response time, and improving sensitivity are some of the positive features of microfluidic diagnostic devices (Demirci et al 2012; Selmi et al 2017). WHO established ASSURED guidelines for such devices which stand for Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, Userfriendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment-free, and Deliverable to the end-users (Walji and Science 2015)
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