Abstract
This developmental-longitudinal study aims to investigate the pragmatic development of Iraqi EFL learners in the use of external modifications of request over four years of study in authentic and elicited data. The authentic data is natural requests of Viber and WhatsApp while the elicited data is discourse completion test (DCT). The researcher has collected 202 authentic messages and 192 elicited messages from 24 learners. The external modifications are coded based on Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper’s (1989) and Economidou-Kogetsidis’s (2011) taxonomy of external devices.
 The results unveil that there is an evidence of pragmatic development in the learners’ use of external devices in the two types of data. Yet, the use of these devices increases with increased study years particularly when these learners produce their natural requests. Besides, this study reveals that the authentic data includes authentic results occur in real context whereby natural and spontaneous utterances are produced. Hence, the elicited data must be used in addition to other types of research instruments to arrive at valid results because it does not accurately uncover the learners’ real development
Highlights
The results unveil that there is an evidence of pragmatic development in the learners‟ use of external devices in the two types of data
This study has carried out a longitudinal design in order to fill a gap in pragmatics literature because it investigates the pragmatic development of Arab EFL learners ( Iraqis) in using the external modifications of request in authentic and elicited data over four years of study
Compare the pragmatic development of naturally occurring external modifiers with discourse completion test (DCT) external modifiers of requests made by Iraqi EFL learners over four years of study. 1.2 Authentic and Elicited Data
Summary
The results unveil that there is an evidence of pragmatic development in the learners‟ use of external devices in the two types of data. The use of these devices increases with increased study years when these learners produce their natural requests. The aforementioned studies have examined the pragmatic use of requests by native and non-native speakers of English in either natural or elicited data.
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