A Detailed Study of Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Intestine Revealed That Digestive and Absorptive Functions Are Not Linearly Distributed along Its Length.

Abstract

Simple SummaryAquaculture is the fastest growing food-producing sector due to the increase of fish intended for human consumption. However, aquaculture growth generates concerns, since carnivorous fish are extensively fed using fish-meal and fish-oil. This constitutes a severe limit to the aquaculture industry, questioning its sustainability. Consequently, alternative feeds are continuously searched through extensive in vivo feeding trials. Undoubtedly, to evaluate their impact on the gastrointestinal tract health, detailed knowledge of the intestine morphology and physiology is required. To date, extensive studies have been performed in several livestock species; however, available information on fish is limited nowadays, most importantly because their alimentary canal is able to easily adapt to external stimuli, and their intestinal morphology is affected by external factors. Therefore, it is essential to establish accurate reference values, especially along the productive cycle of animals raised in standardized conditions. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of the epithelial cells lining the intestinal mucosa in rainbow trout along the first year of development. We studied the absorptive and secretory activity as well as its ability to self-renewal. Our results indicate that, in this species, both digestive and absorptive functions are not linearly distributed along the intestinal length.To increase the sustainability of trout farming, the industry requires alternatives to fish-based meals that do not compromise animal health and growth performances. To develop new feeds, detailed knowledge of intestinal morphology and physiology is required. We performed histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis at typical time points of in vivo feeding trials (50, 150 and 500 g). Only minor changes occurred during growth whereas differences characterized two compartments, not linearly distributed along the intestine. The first included the pyloric caeca, the basal part of the complex folds and the villi of the distal intestine. This was characterized by a significantly smaller number of goblet cells with smaller mucus vacuoles, higher proliferation and higher apoptotic rate but a smaller extension of fully differentiated epithelial cells and by the presence of numerous pinocytotic vacuolization. The second compartment was formed by the proximal intestine and the apical part of the posterior intestine complex folds. Here we observed more abundant goblet cells with bigger vacuoles, low proliferation rate, few round apoptotic cells, a more extended area of fully differentiated cells and no pinocytotic vacuoles. Our results suggest that rainbow trout intestine is physiologically arranged to mingle digestive and absorptive functions along its length.