Abstract
The infective SARS-CoV-2 is more prone to immune escape. Presently, the significant variants of SARS-CoV-2 are emerging in due course of time with substantial mutations, having the immune escape property. Simultaneously, the vaccination drive against this virus is in progress worldwide. However, vaccine evasion has been noted by some of the newly emerging variants. Our review provides an overview of the emerging variants’ immune escape and vaccine escape ability. We have illustrated a broad view related to viral evolution, variants, and immune escape ability. Subsequently, different immune escape approaches of SARS-CoV-2 have been discussed. Different innate immune escape strategies adopted by the SARS-CoV-2 has been discussed like, IFN-I production dysregulation, cytokines related immune escape, immune escape associated with dendritic cell function and macrophages, natural killer cells and neutrophils related immune escape, PRRs associated immune evasion, and NLRP3 inflammasome associated immune evasion. Simultaneously we have discussed the significant mutations related to emerging variants and immune escape, such as mutations in the RBD region (N439K, L452R, E484K, N501Y, K444R) and other parts (D614G, P681R) of the S-glycoprotein. Mutations in other locations such as NSP1, NSP3, NSP6, ORF3, and ORF8 have also been discussed. Finally, we have illustrated the emerging variants’ partial vaccine (BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA/Oxford-AstraZeneca/BBIBP-CorV/ZF2001/Moderna mRNA/Johnson & Johnson vaccine) escape ability. This review will help gain in-depth knowledge related to immune escape, antibody escape, and partial vaccine escape ability of the virus and assist in controlling the current pandemic and prepare for the next.
Highlights
After detecting SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, the world is currently passing through a very crucial pandemic station
The development of vaccines for COVID-19 is a unique success story in medical science and molecular biology, and it is an excellent example of collaboration and teamwork between researchers [277]
Emerging variants are developing throughout the globe, which is more challenging in this scenario
Summary
After detecting SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, the world is currently passing through a very crucial pandemic station. This occurrence is one of the significant barriers to antiviral therapy and vaccine development During this pandemic, the researcher has observed the emergence of SARSCoV-2 variants rapidly through evolution. The researcher has observed the emergence of SARSCoV-2 variants rapidly through evolution Some of these variants are associated with the appearance of immune escape. SARSCoV-2 mutants are dominant strains in several regions of the world Some mutations of these variants are related to immune escape or partial vaccine escape of SARS-CoV-2. We have discussed the significant mutations in emerging variants for immune escape. In this direction, we illustrated the mutations in the RBD region (N439K, L452R, E484K, N501Y, K444R) and other regions (D614G, P681R) of the S-glycoprotein. Majumdar and Niyogi described the different mutations of SARS-CoV-2 and the implications of the mutations on viral fitness [75]
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