Abstract
In this paper, a low-power reconfigurable ambient Radio Frequency to Direct Current power (RF–DC) converter using an internal threshold voltage cancellation (IVC) scheme with an auxiliary transistors block is presented. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is implemented in order to maintain the high efficiency by automatically selecting the number of stages. The proposed reconfigurable converter efficiently converts the RF signals to DC voltage by dynamically controlling the threshold voltage of the forward and reversed-biased transistors in the primary rectification body. During positive half-cycle, the proposed RF–DC converter reduces the voltage drop across the forward-biased transistors, which results in increased harvested power and output DC voltage. During negative half cycle, the proposed rectifier minimizes the reverse leakage current and prevents the loss of energy stored in the prior stages. A five-stage internal threshold compensated power converter is designed in 0.18 µm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology with an active die area of 360 µm × 160 µm, while the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) occupies an active die area of 730 µm × 280 µm. The proposed scheme obtains maximum post-simulated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 39.3% when input power level is −15 dBm and produces an output voltage of 3.3 V for a load of 1 MΩ and at a frequency of 900 MHz. The proposed scheme achieves a voltage sensitivity of 1V at a remarkably low input power of −21 dBm for a 1 MΩ load.
Highlights
In recent years, harvesting energy from an ambient environment has attracted a great deal of attention and has become a promising substitute for the battery to supply low-power electronic devices, especially for the internet of things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSN), wearable electronic devices, and biomedical implantable devices [1]
The proposed Radio Frequency to Direct Current power (RF–direct current (DC)) converter employs Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm which automatically selects the number of stages based on the Radio frequency (RF) input power level and maintains the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) at the output
This paper presents a low-power highly efficient reconfigurable RF–DC power converter using an internal threshold voltage cancellation (IVC) scheme with an auxiliary block
Summary
In recent years, harvesting energy from an ambient environment has attracted a great deal of attention and has become a promising substitute for the battery to supply low-power electronic devices, especially for the internet of things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSN), wearable electronic devices, and biomedical implantable devices [1]. A number of solutions have been proposed for the reduction of threshold voltage drop and for minimizing the reverse leakage current of the RF rectifier devices. A DC bias voltage is achieved by matching network, which is used as used as off-chip This technique occupies a large area and consumes more power. The high speed comparator comparator consumes more power and limits this technique to only low-frequency applications. A low-power reconfigurable RF–DC power converter using an internal voltage cancellation scheme (IVC) scheme with an auxiliary transistors block is presented. The proposed scheme reduces the voltage voltage drop across the forward-biased transistors and minimizes the reverse current of the reversedrop across the forward-biased transistors and minimizes the reverse current of the reverse-biased biased transistors to attain maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE).
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