Abstract
Simple SummaryThe keel bone in birds is an extension of the sternum. Fractures to the keel are common in modern laying hen breeds. Several of the proposed causal mechanisms behind keel bone fractures (KBF) are linked to selection for efficient production. It is, therefore, of interest to explore whether less selected breeds have a lower occurrence of keel bone fractures compared to reports from highly selected, modern laying hen breeds. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate keel bones of hens from four non-commercial layer breeds. Birds were housed in furnished cages and keel bones examined at 30 and 63 weeks of age using a portable X-ray equipment. The results from this descriptive study indicate a low prevalence of keel bone fractures in hens at both ages in all four breeds. No fractures were observed in the examined roosters. The overall low numbers of fractures indicate that genetic factors may be involved and, thus that selective breeding may help to reduce the susceptibility to keel bone fractures. Finally, this study highlights the importance of poultry conservation to secure existing genetic diversity, which may be an important resource in future selection schemes.The presence of keel bone fractures (KBF) in laying hens has been documented and discussed by several authors, nevertheless the causative factors behind KBF remain uncertain. High prevalence of KBF have been reported in all commercial egg production systems, in different genetic lines and at different ages. Several of the proposed causal mechanisms behind KBF are linked to selection for efficient production. It is, therefore, of interest to explore whether less selected breeds have a lower occurrence of keel bone fractures compared to reports from highly selected, modern laying hen breeds. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate keel bones of hens from four non-commercial layer breeds. Birds were housed in furnished cages and keel bones examined at 30 and 63 weeks of age, using a portable X-ray equipment. The results from this descriptive study indicate a low prevalence of KBF at both ages in all four breeds, with only five KBF detected in 213 X-ray pictures taken from 126 birds. Of these, four of the KBF were observed in the most genetically selected breed, with an early onset of lay. None of the roosters examined exhibited KBF. The overall low numbers of KBF found indicate that genetic factors may be involved in KBF and, thus that selective breeding may help to reduce the susceptibility to KBF. Finally, this study highlights the importance of poultry conservation to secure genetic diversity, which may be an important resource in future selection schemes.
Highlights
Bones have two major functions in avian species: as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorous and as a support for the musculature [1]
Keel bone fractures (KBF) have been found to a varying degree in all major commercial production systems, barren and furnished cages, non-cage systems and organic production [11]
16 16 at both occasions resulting in 213inradiographs in total
Summary
Bones have two major functions in avian species: as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorous and as a support for the musculature [1]. The bone quality of modern laying hens has been a topic for scientific research since the 1950s, focusing mainly on osteoporosis [2,3,4,5]. A growing concern affecting avian bones is fractures to the keel bone [6,7,8], which has gained increasingly more attention the last decade. The prevalence of KBF in modern laying hens in commercial production systems is alarmingly high, reported higher than 80% in some studies [9,10,11,12,13]. KBF have been found to a varying degree in all major commercial production systems, barren and furnished cages, non-cage systems and organic production [11]. Welfare implications of KBF include the associated pain [18,19,20], reduced mobility [21,22,23] and altered affective state [24]
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