Abstract
The agonistic responses of the male brook stickleback have been described. These displays do not follow or precede each other randomly. It is concluded that common causal factors are operating within the animal. Sequential analysis of these responses reveal that they can be related to states that vary between the tendency to attack and the tendency to flee. The fact that biting rarely occurs in territorial border encounters supports the theory that threat as a social signal evolved to accomplish spatial restriction without bodily injury.
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