Abstract
Scoliosis results in a 3D asymmetry of the spine and torso. It is not clear what the variability in 3D shape is in a non-scoliotic population, how much that is altered by scoliosis and what surgery does to that. This study is a 3D analysis of the shape of the torso in a cohort of non-scoliotic children that is then compared with a cohort of those with scoliosis both pre- and post-operatively. Procrustes analysis is used to examine the mean 3D shape. There is variability in shape in the non-scoliotic cohort. Scoliosis increases this asymmetry, particularly around the most prominent areas of the torso. Surgery alters the torso asymmetry but increases the difference in height between the right and the left with regard to the most prominent points on the torso. There is a degree of asymmetry seen in a non-scoliotic cohort of children. Scoliosis increases that asymmetry. Surgery alters the asymmetry but causes an increase in some of the 3D elements of the most prominent areas of the torso.
Highlights
Scoliosis is a three-dimensional (3D) deformity of the spine and torso
ordinary Procrustes analysis (OPA) differs from Generalised Procrustes analysis (GPA) as OPA is used to compare only two data sets rather than multiple data sets which are required for comparisons of the mean shape of the non-scoliotic, the pre-operative and the post-operative scoliotic cohorts
The non-scoliotic children were measured on a yearly basis, giving a total of 831 individual images for analysis comprising 479 in the main thoracic group, 307 in the main thoracolumbar group and 45 with no scoliosis
Summary
When viewed by patients themselves or others, the scoliosis is apparent because of differences in symmetry of the shoulders, the axillae and the waist, along with the unequal prominence of the thoracic cage, otherwise called the rib hump. This visible asymmetry is of concern to patients [1] and is assessed by physicians as part of the physical examination [2,3]. The overall 3D shape of the torso in the non-scoliotic cohort and the scoliotic cohort, both pre-operatively and post-operatively, has not been previously assessed. This paper uses the techniques of 3D Procrustes analysis [6] to statistically and graphically analyse the torso shape of a cohort of non-scoliotic children, comparing the results to both the pre-operative and post-operative shape of a cohort of scoliotic children
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