Abstract
In this paper, a depth-bistatic bottom reverberation model that employs the ray theory is presented. The model can be applied to an active towed array in the ocean. The reverberation time series are modeled under the depth-bistatic assumption and their Doppler shift is calculated based on the actual source–receiver geometry. This model can handle N × 2D range-dependent bathymetry, the geometry of a triplet array, and the Doppler motion of the source, targets, and receiver. The model predictions are compared with the mid-frequency reverberation data measured by an active triplet towed array during August 2015 in the East Sea, Korea. These data are collected with a variable depth source at mid-frequency and the triplet line array in a deep-water environment. Model predictions of the beam time series and its spectrogram are in good agreement with the measurement. In particular, we discuss the effects of the source and receiver depths on the reverberation in deep water observed in both the measured and modeled results.
Highlights
Ocean reverberation is generated by the scattering mechanism of ocean boundary irregularities and medium inhomogeneities [1] and is one of the dominant environmental factors that have to be considered in the design of active sonar systems [2,3,4,5].Since the 1940s, there have been many studies on the prediction of reverberation in the ocean [6,7,8,9].These studies can be categorized in a variety of ways, e.g., physics of scattering, coherence, scattering modeling, propagation modeling, and geometry of sources and receivers
We extend the 2D geometrical ray-bundle reverberation model for the fixed mono-static sonar [14] to a 3D environment with the approach and develop a depth-bistatic bottom reverberation model for an active towed array composed of a variable depth source and a triplet line array
On 20–21 August 2015, an experiment was conducted in the East Sea of Korea to measure the ocean bottom reverberation using an active triplet towed array
Summary
Ocean reverberation is generated by the scattering mechanism of ocean boundary irregularities and medium inhomogeneities [1] and is one of the dominant environmental factors that have to be considered in the design of active sonar systems [2,3,4,5]. We extend the 2D geometrical ray-bundle reverberation model for the fixed mono-static sonar [14] to a 3D environment with the approach and develop a depth-bistatic bottom reverberation model for an active towed array composed of a variable depth source and a triplet line array. This model neglects out-of-plane scattering in the sea floor but allows for bistatic Doppler shift, which is simplified as a straight-line propagation between a moving source, a moving receiver, and fixed scatterers.
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