A dephosphorylation-dependent molecular switch for FT repression mediates flowering in Arabidopsis

Abstract

The reproductive success of flowering plants relies greatly on precise timing of the floral transition, which is finely modulated by a complex network of floral regulators. As a main floral integrator, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is also an essential constituent of the florigen that is transported from leaves to shoot apices to induce flowering. FT is specifically transcribed in leaf vascular tissues, where its production is suppressed by many flowering repressors, including the MYB transcription factor EARLY FLOWERING MYB PROTEIN (EFM). Here, we show that a plant CTD phosphatase, C-TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE 2 (CPL2), suppresses FT expression in leaf vascular tissues by modulating the binding activity of EFM. CPL2 interacts with and dephosphorylates EFM to facilitate the binding of dephosphorylated EFM to FT chromatin, thereby inhibiting flowering. Our results suggest that CPL2-mediated dephosphorylation of the floral repressor EFM serves as a molecular switch, adding another layer of regulation to fine-tune FT transcription and ensure that flowering occurs at an appropriate time.