Abstract
Side effects occur when excessive or low doses of analgesics are administered compared to the required amount to mediate the pain induced during surgery. It is important to accurately assess the pain level of the patient during surgery. We proposed a pain classifier based on a deep belief network (DBN) using photoplethysmography (PPG). Our DBN learned about a complex nonlinear relationship between extracted PPG features and pain status based on the numeric rating scale (NRS). A bagging ensemble model was used to improve classification performance. The DBN classifier showed better classification results than multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) and support vector machine (SVM) models. In addition, the classification performance was improved when the selective bagging model was applied compared with the use of each single model classifier. The pain classifier based on DBN using a selective bagging model can be helpful in developing a pain classification system.
Highlights
The pain that people experience in their lives is very diverse in cause and extent
deep belief network (DBN), multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), and support vector machine (SVM) for the 2-class & 4-class pain classification according to the results of the numeric rating scale (NRS), and attempted to improve the performance by applying the bagging method to each classifier
The process of calculating the accuracy of the classifiers uses the number of true positives (TP), true negatives (TN), false positives (FP), and false negatives (FN) in a confusion matrix
Summary
Even when exposed to the same stimulus, some people carry out their daily activities with an acceptable level of pain, while others experience extreme pain. This phenomenon results because sensitivities to stimuli differ depending on an individual’s constitution and tendencies. Most pain occurs as a major symptom of a medical condition, but pain can occur despite lack of any stimulation or pathological cause [1]. If such pain persists, a complex stress response is generated in the body. Persistence of this stress response can seriously affect the manner in which people live and perform basic functions [2]
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