Abstract
During the last decade, the technologies related to electric vehicles (EVs) have captured both scientific and industrial interest. Specifically, the subject of the smart charging of EVs has gained significant attention, as it facilitates the managed charging of EVs to reduce disturbances to the power grid. Despite the presence of an extended literature on the topic, the implementation of a framework that allows flexibility in the definition of the decision-making objectives, along with user-defined criteria is still a challenge. Towards addressing this challenge, a framework for the smart charging of EVs is presented in this paper. The framework consists of a heuristic algorithm that facilitates the charge scheduling within a charging station (CS), and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to support the driver of the EV selecting the most appropriate charging station based on their needs of transportation and personal preferences. The communications are facilitated by the Open Platform Communications–Unified Architecture (OPC–UA) standard. For the selection of the scheduling algorithm, the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimisation have been evaluated, where the latter had better performance. The performance of the charge scheduling is evaluated, in various charging tasks, compared to the exhaustive search for small problems.
Highlights
Subjects related to electric vehicles (EVs) have gained the attention of both academia and industry.Ever-increasing environmental concerns have triggered research on new technologies that will makeEVs an environmental-friendly alternative to conventional vehicles [1]
Considering the large volume of publications on the overall subject of the charge scheduling of electric vehicles, the literature review of this paper focuses on selected aspects of charge scheduling that require further investigation towards implementing a framework that delivers the charging services to the owners of the EVs
The decision-making procedure for the smart charging is performed in two phases
Summary
Subjects related to electric vehicles (EVs) have gained the attention of both academia and industry.Ever-increasing environmental concerns have triggered research on new technologies that will makeEVs an environmental-friendly alternative to conventional vehicles [1]. Novel energy management techniques should be introduced to ensure the stability of the power grid, and transform EVs from being passive energy consumers, into being active elements of the smart grid [4]. Towards this end, the communication mechanisms between the smart grid and the EV pose a major role. Most papers propose a centralised architecture aiming to support the power grid. In this context, the authors in [10] provide V2G reactive power transmission, while maintaining their owners’
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