Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a public health threat in Bangladesh since the first reported outbreak in poultry in 2007. The country has undertaken numerous efforts to detect, track, and combat avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The predominant genotype of the H5N1 viruses is clade 2.3.2.1a. The persistent changing of clades of the circulating H5N1 strains suggests probable mutations that might have been occurring over time. Surveillance has provided evidence that the virus has persistently prevailed in all sectors and caused discontinuous infections. The presence of AIV in live bird markets has been detected persistently. Weak biosecurity in the poultry sector is linked with resource limitation, low risk perception, and short-term sporadic interventions. Controlling avian influenza necessitates a concerted multi-sector ‘One Health’ approach that includes the government and key stakeholders.
Highlights
Bangladesh reported its first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry in 2007 [1]
Two major underlying reasons for this low uptake of the standard recommendations were the low perception of the risk of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) transmission to humans and concerns related to financial benefit or loss [43,44,48]
During 2007–2008, studies often characterized these farms with a low level of biosecurity in terms of the location of the farms, restricting the entry of wild birds and animals, fencing, use of footbaths, etc. [68,69], which match with the findings of another assessment conducted in 16 small commercial farms in 2011–2012 [57]
Summary
Bangladesh reported its first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry in 2007 [1]. The other subtypes isolated were H1N2, H1N3, H3N6, H4N2, H5N6, H10N7, and the predominant low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus H9N2 [3,4]. An outbreak investigation during 2012–2013 showed that detectable avian influenza viruses (AIV) RNA was found in nasopharyngeal swabs of 4.5% and on arm swabs of 18.5% of 371 asymptomatic poultry workers [11]. Effective human–human transmission of HPAI virus is not evident, the high population density and close contact between humans and animals in Bangladesh poses a pandemic threat [16,17]. This review discusses the history of avian influenza over the past decade in Bangladesh and demonstrates where we are
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