Abstract
Among various kinds of flexible loads resources in power system, the thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) are considered as the excellent candidates for the demand response (DR) programs due to the heat/cool storage characteristics. Effective operation and coordination of TCLs in DR programs requires an accurate model to capture the aggregate power. One appealing approach is the equivalent energy storage (EES) method, which describes the change of aggregate power offered by the TCLs as the dynamic of an energy storage model with limits on the output power and the energy capacity. In this paper, an EES model with the second-order equivalent thermal parameters (second-order ETP) model is established for interpretation of TCLs dynamic characteristics. Considering the internal and external heat exchange of the TCLs, the relationships between the heat exchange power and energy storage of the TCLs EES model are redefined. In order to exert the actual potential of TCLs in day-ahead scheduling, the time-varying charging-discharging power and energy storage constraints of the TCLs EES model are developed. By this way, more feasible scheduling results can be obtained. The performance of the proposed method is verified by the testing results.
Highlights
With the gradual large-scale construction of new energy power systems, many works have been reported on the energy systems scheduling in which different energy sources and storage options complemented by responsive electrical/thermal loads are taken into account [1]–[7], such as the optimal scheduling of the gas-electric integrated energy system (IES), the regional IES with electric vehicles (EVs) and air conditioning loads, the multicarrier energy supplies with a biogas-solar-wind hybrid renewable system, the IES with wind power and multi-type energy storage, and so on
To make the demand response (DR) programs with thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) meet the requirements of day-head scheduling of the power systems, a variety of scheduling strategies have been proposed in Ref. [11]-Ref. [17]
In this paper, the second-order ETP model is taken into account in equivalent energy storage (EES) model and day-ahead scheduling model with TCLs, in order to make the scheduling more accurate and feasible
Summary
Heat exchange power between indoor air and mass of aggregated TCLs at time t Energy storage of indoor air and mass of aggregated TCLs at time t Energy storage variation of indoor air and mass at time t Average energy storage of indoor air and mass of aggregated TCLs at time t Average outdoor temperature of aggregated TCLs at time t Average maximum indoor temperature of aggregated TCLs at time t Total cost of power generation Power output of jth thermal unit at time t Fuel cost of jth thermal power unit at time t Operating state of jth thermal power unit at time t Binary variable of start-up and shut-down of jth thermal power unit at time t Start-up and shut-down costs of jth thermal power unit at time t Wind power output of wth wind power farm at time t Wind power curtailment of wth wind power farm at time t, where WC indicates Cost of wind power curtailment of wth wind power farm at time t Scheduled power of DR with TCLs of dth bus at time t, where DR indicates DR with increased power consumption of the dth load bus at time t DR with decreased power consumption of the dth load bus at time t Compensation cost of DR of the dth load bus at time t Load of the dth load bus at time t Power flow of the lth branch at time t
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