Abstract
The opportunistic mobile sensor network has been extensively applied in various public safety applications such as the fire rescue and earthquake rescue, since it can provide a surveillance range with an inexpensive cost and avoid the dangers of humans staying in risk zones. However, due to some environmental events such as building structure damage, airflow push, and fire explosions, the sensor nodes sprinkled into the fire-rescue scenario may be kept moving. Thus, the contacts between nodes become momentary, and the data packets cannot be forwarded along stable communication paths. To this end, the opportunistic forwarding manner is adopted in the fire-rescue scenario to enable the data packets to be transferred to the rescue control center (RCC) through some discrete hops. The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, the nodes in the fire-rescue scenario are carefully investigated and classified into four types: small-range mobile nodes (SRNs), large-range mobile nodes (LRNs), firefighter nodes (FNs), and robot nodes (RNs). Second, we formulate the data forwarding problem, and the optimal proportions of SRNs, LRNs, and FNs in data holders are mathematically analyzed to obtain the maximum delivery ratio. Third, a data forwarding approach for fire-rescue scenario (DFAFR) is proposed. In DFAFR, the optimal proportions of SRNs, LRNs, and FNs in data holders are maintained as far as possible through selecting different types of data holder candidates, and then the new data holders are determined from these data holder candidates and the adjacent RNs on basis of their expected delivery delay. Finally, the performance of DFAFR is analyzed through simulations of the fire-rescue scenario, and the results indicate that DFAFR can enhance the delivery ratio and shorten the delivery delay while the forwarding overhead is restricted.
Highlights
With the broad deployment of mobile sensor nodes, opportunistic mobile sensor networks (OMSNs) [1, 2] are introduced to achieve large-scale sensing at a lower cost compared with a ubiquitous static infrastructure of sensing devices
We focus on the fire-rescue scenario where the information containing the survival positions, area temperatures and fire explosions is capsuled into some data packets which need to be forwarded to the rescue control center (RCC) rapidly
data forwarding approach for fire-rescue scenario (DFAFR) is evaluated by observing the performance variations with respect to different parameters and by comparing with other algorithms (DT, Epidemic Forwarding (EF), PROPHET and Message Priority Routing Protocol (MPRP))
Summary
With the broad deployment of mobile sensor nodes, opportunistic mobile sensor networks (OMSNs) [1, 2] are introduced to achieve large-scale sensing at a lower cost compared with a ubiquitous static infrastructure of sensing devices. The data packets containing the information of fire behaviors are forwarded to the RCC through intermittent multi-hop communications. The data forwarding technique in the fire-rescue scenario is defined as the art of mobile nodes disseminating the data packets to RCC through intermittent multi-hop links. A data packet delivered to RCC more rapidly is believed to provide more valuable references about the fire behaviors for further decisions, and how to shorten the delivery delay becomes another critical issue. To enhance the delivery ratio and shorten the delivery delay, a data forwarding approach for OMSN in the fire-rescue scenario is proposed and thoroughly evaluated in this paper. More simulation results are provided to further clarify the merits of the proposed DFAFR
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