Abstract
BackgroundSustaining the wellbeing for children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be highly demanding. Dance Movement Psychotherapy (DMP), a form of psychotherapy with a non-verbal character, may present as a relevant intervention option for this group of children.MethodsA protocol-based group DMP intervention was developed and implemented in two special educational needs schools in the North West of England. We aimed to investigate the effects of DMP on children with ASD using the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Twenty-six children aged between 8 and 13 years (mean age = 10.65 years) with ASD were randomly allocated to DMP and a control group with standard care, following a crossover research design.ResultsResults showed no significant carryover or period effects for either the SCQ or SDQ (p > 0.05). A significant intervention effect was found only for SCQ (p = 0.005) but not for SDQ (p > 0.05). ANCOVAs were performed on the data before the crossover to test for differences in SCQ and SDQ scores between the DMP intervention and control groups while controlling for pre-intervention scores. Those in the DMP intervention group presented significantly lower SCQ scores following the intervention period than those in the control group (p = 0.001). No significant differences in post-intervention SDQ scores were found between DMP intervention and control groups (p = 0.2). However, minimal clinically important differences (MCID) were reached for both SCQ and SDQ measures before crossover for those in the DMP intervention group. Moreover, repeated measures ANOVAs performed on SCQ and SDQ measures following crossover were significant, with the change in both SCQ (p = 0.001) and SDQ (p = 0.009) pre-and post-intervention being significantly greater for those in the DMP intervention than the control group.ConclusionThe pilot DMP intervention has shown promising results on the social and emotional wellbeing of children with ASD irrespective of whether they preferred verbal or non-verbal mode of communication. Limitations and appropriateness of the research methods implemented in this study for their use in a large RCT are discussed in detail. Overall, our findings highlight the value of creative therapies for improving the lives of young vulnerable groups.
Highlights
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of complex and pervasive developmental conditions with unique strengths and challenges (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Volkmar et al, 2014)
We focus on two different dimensions of wellbeing of children with ASD as highlighted by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2017): (i) emotional wellbeing, which includes being happy and confident and not anxious or depressed and (ii) social wellbeing, which considers factors such as effective communication, having good relationships with others and not having behavioral problems, that is, not being disruptive, violent or a bully
Results showed that the change in pre- and post-intervention Strengths and difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores differed between interventions (F1,24 = 7.963, p = 0.009, Cohen’s d = 1.127); those in the Dance Movement Psychotherapy (DMP) intervention group showed a significantly greater change in SDQ score than those receiving the standard care (i.e., 2.12 versus 0.38, respectively)
Summary
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of complex and pervasive developmental conditions with unique strengths and challenges (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Volkmar et al, 2014). The word “spectrum” in ASD highlights the heterogeneity in individuals with ASD; their abilities and challenges may fall anywhere in this spectrum Their challenges impact their social, communication, and behavioral patterns early in life and persist throughout the life time, while their strengths vary drastically and can be found, but are not limited, to areas such as memory, music, mathematics (Lord et al, 2018; National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), 2020). With these abilities and challenges, children with ASD encounter several issues in their interactions with others and this might impact on their wellbeing. Dance Movement Psychotherapy (DMP), a form of psychotherapy with a non-verbal character, may present as a relevant intervention option for this group of children
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