Abstract
Background: This daily diary study investigates the relation between sleep quality during the night and its effect on procrastination at work during the next workday. Previous research has shown that sleep quality is an important variable for work behavior at the daily level, including employee performance, safety, health, and attitudes, such as work engagement. Also, sleep quality has been found to be negatively related to next-day work procrastination. However, these studies did not address trait differences that may be involved. In other words, they have not investigated whether all employees experience the effects of sleep quality on procrastination similarly. We explore the moderating effect of trait self-control.Methods: Seventy one full-time employees (51% male) working in various industries participated, including finance or banking (17%), government or education (13%), construction (7%), health care (7%), sales or marketing (6%), and others. Average age was 35.20 years (SD = 12.74), and average employment tenure was 13.3 years (SD = 13.16). Participants completed a one-shot general electronic questionnaire (to assess trait self-control, using a four-item scale adapted from Tangney et al., 2004). Subsequently, these employees received two daily electronic questionnaires to assess sleep quality (measured with one item from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989), and a three-item scale of procrastination (adapted from Tuckman, 1991) over the course of 10 workdays, resulting in 465 pairs of matched morning-afternoon measurements (65% response).Results: Results of multilevel regression analyses showed that sleep quality was negatively related to work procrastination the next day. Sleep quality, however, also interacted with trait self-control in impacting work procrastination, such that low sleep quality affected employees low in trait self-control, but not employees high in trait self-control.Conclusion: The findings of this study qualify earlier research showing the relation between procrastination and sleep quality. We show that the relation is only present for those who have low trait self-control; employees with high trait self-control tend to be immune to low sleep quality. Thus, general advice or interventions to improve sleep quality may be restricted to a selection of employees that are truly affected.
Highlights
Procrastination is irrational delay that encompasses the discrepancy between intention and action: it occurs when people intend to act but do not act, in spite of knowing that they will be worse off
Results of multilevel regression analyses showed that sleep quality was negatively related to work procrastination the day
We show that the relation is only present for those who have low trait self-control; employees with high trait self-control tend to be immune to low sleep quality
Summary
Procrastination is irrational delay that encompasses the discrepancy between intention and action: it occurs when people intend to act but do not act, in spite of knowing that they will be worse off. While we know relatively much about what predicts procrastination in the academic domain, the procrastination phenomenon has hardly been studied in the work domain This is rather surprising, given that such self-regulatory behaviors as meeting deadlines and goal achievement are especially compromised by procrastination (Van Eerde, 2003), yet are essential for both individual and organizational performance. Existing research cannot provide an answer to this question because it has primarily focused on chronic individual differences (e.g., Pychyl and Flett, 2012), which cannot account for within-person fluctuations This daily diary study investigates the relation between sleep quality during the night and its effect on procrastination at work during the workday.
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