A Cultural Framing of Nature: Chinese Tourists' Motivations For, Expectations Of, and Satisfaction With, Their New Zealand Tourist Experience

Understanding Chinese tourist shopping in Australia: a social practice perspective

Summary Since Chinese outbound tourism currently represents the largest outbound tourist market, the opportunities for tourism of Montenegro in the Chinese tourist market should be certainly examined. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relevant data about Chinese tourists who are visiting Montenegro: their specific demographic characteristics, travel habits and main motivation, but also to identify the possible ways to increase the number of Chinese tourists in Montenegro in future. For the purpose of this paper, two years long empirical research was conducted among Chinese tourists in Montenegro with the help of questionnaire. Several interviews with representatives of tourism sector in Montenegro were carried out as well. The authors have concluded that only after the total adjustment of Montenegro tourist offer to the Chinese tourists’ preferences, Montenegro could be completely ready for intensive acceptance of Chinese tourists. What’s more, in order to attract larger number of Chinese tourists, the effective marketing policy of Montenegro as a tourist destination should be created in that direction and as well the specialized tourism promotion at the Chinese market should be carried out.

Over the recent decades, China has built an economic foundation enabling its citizens to travel. During this time, the numbers of tourists from the People’s Republic of China increased by several times, and therefore the Chinese tourists have a great role on the global stage. China’s progressive, superlarge outbound market is becoming appealing to other countries. The Chinese tourist is different from the standard «Western» tourist, and thus their thinking and preferences should be understood better. A literary analysis of scientific researches of the Chinese tourism demonstrated the interest to this topic growing since the 2010s. The majority of researchers, practitioners in tourism, and representatives of state administrations and specialists of professional tourism institutions agree that the Chinese tourism market has a hyper-potential and is developing hyper-dynamically. However, if the scientific reviews of the last decade focused only on the research dealing with geography where the Chinese travel and dynamics of the Chinese outbound tourism, modern works contain a deep understanding of the behavior and experience of the Chinese tourists and highlight the negative aspects of Chinese mass tourism. The objective of this study was analyzing the Chinese outbound market, its features and opportunities to increase the flow of Chinese tourists. For those purposes, it is necessary to carry out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Chinese outbound tourist market; to form a portrait of the average Chinese tourist; identify negative and positive features of the Chinese mass tourism. That is why the paper analyzed the position of the Chinese outbound tourism on the global market based on such indicators as the number of outbound tourists and tourists’ expenditures. The paper presents the geography of tourist visits by the Chinese and the share of Chinese tourists in the structure of tourists of the world’s most visited destination cities. The portrait of the average Chinese tourist has been specified in terms of age, gender, education, income level, average spend receipt, length of stay during the trip, motives and reasons for the visit. We analyzed the influence of the Chinese mass tourism. The results of the research can be used in practice by tourism enterprises when designing marketing projects aimed at the Chinese consumer, as well as when forming new products for tourists from the PRC.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to take a holistic view of the body of knowledge of the second wave of Chinese outbound tourists so as to develop a strategic framework towards positioning Greece in the China outbound tourism market. Design/methodology/approach – The survey adopted a perspective from knowledge management, investigating a deeper understanding of the knowledge about, from and for the Chinese tourists, and Greece was taken as a case study. An online survey with quantitative aspects was conducted from October 2013 to January 2014. Findings – The knowledge about the Chinese tourists depicts a young, well-educated segment with a predominance of female and western China residents. The knowledge from the Chinese tourists reveals that they prefer: visiting islands and heritage sites; safety while travelling; a faster visa process; a direct flight between China and Greece; and making a trip combined with other Schengen countries. The knowledge for the Chinese tourists indicates that purchasing tourism products/services online provides better price, is enjoyable, convenient and time-saving; and the top five digital platforms often used are Ctrip, Qunar, QQ, Weibo and WeChat, which could be effective tools for the promotion of Greek tourism in China. Originality/value – This research offers a first step to investigate the knowledge of Chinese tourists for the destination of Greece. The findings help to propose a strategic knowledge framework for the Greek tourism authorities so that Greece can become a more active player in the Chinese outbound tourism market.

Self-driving travel has been a popular choice for Chinese tourists for more than a decade, and with the rapid expansion of outbound travel, many Chinese tourists now participate in self-driving tours overseas. Differing from its Western counterpart, the Chinese self-driving market is nevertheless underresearched. This chapter presents the characteristics of young Chinese outbound travellers and their motivations and experiences in undertaking self-driving tours. Using in-depth interviews and focus groups, this study targeted Chinese outbound travellers in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou to explore the motivations and experiences of self-driving tourists. A qualitative content analysis was conducted, and the results show that most of the self-driving tourists are sophisticated travellers who are interested in unique landscapes and local lifestyles, among other tourist activities. Young Chinese self-drive travellers have shown motivations and behaviours that differ from those of the older generation of Chinese tourists and their Western counterparts. The findings have implications for destination marketers and tour operators who are serving the growing Chinese tourist market.

With the rise of Asian middle class and ease of long-haul travel, the act of travel has become more embodied, hybrid, performative, and culturally inclusive (Larsen, 2014; Perkins & Thorns, 2001). Travellers can visit exotic and remote destinations which differ markedly from their home environments. This is particularly evident in the Chinese market, where a rising interest in independent overseas travel has been observed. This steady increase in Chinese independent outbound tourists has led researchers and practitioners to question how these emerging markets interact with, and make sense of, landscapes and experiences that differ significantly from those found in China.Individuals perceive, understand, and react to a landscape in different ways depending on their social and cultural backgrounds. Chinese outbound visitors hold unique worldviews and ideologies and may therefore find it challenging to perceive and connect with foreign landscapes. Studies have identified several philosophical, cultural, and literary factors that influence how Chinese domestic tourists perceive landscapes in China. Yet, research into the way Chinese tourists interact with environments in non-Chinese settings is rare. Much of the existing landscape research and tourism interpretation literature are guided by hegemonic Eurocentric principles developed for Western tourists. This body of knowledge may not be suitable to explain the nuances of the Chinese market or other non-Western cultural phenomenon. This thesis addresses these issues by exploring how Chinese visitors construct meaning in a foreign and exotic tourist landscape – Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park in Australia.A qualitative ethnographic approach guided by the constructivism paradigm was employed. Multiple techniques were adopted, including visitor employed photography, accompanied walk, interviews and reflexive diaries. A purposive sample consisting of 53 first-time Chinese travellers in small groups of two to four people was recruited at Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, Australia. The research process involved a recorded researcher accompanied leisure walk and an immediate semi-structured interview. Visitor photographs taken during the walk were collected in the interview, and researcher notes were taken to complement field observations. A research protocol was used in conducting fieldwork to ensure consistency.A thematic content analysis (TA), five lines of inquiry image analysis and conversational analysis (CA) were used in tandem to analyse both visual and textual data. Both manual coding and QSR-Nvivo 12 were used to manage the analysis. The analysis revealed five broad dimensions that characterise Chinese visitors’ landscape perception, namely, sensory interaction, spatial and temporal perception, affective engagement, symbolic imagination, and (inter)subjective and social construction. Grounded in social and cultural contexts, the findings indicate that Chinese perceive the world in a humanistic way through the lens of relationship and morality, with the goal of establishing personal relevance, via analogies, imaginations, unlearning and introspections. Fundamentally, Chinese visitors’ landscape perception is guided by a paradoxical “both-and” principle that accepts opposing views co-exist and strive for individual and collective balance.Analysis also illustrates that popular culture, hedonic consumerism, new interpretations of philosophical knowledge, meaningful storytelling, (digital) social capital, and the state-orchestrated historical memories influence Chinese tourists’ landscape meaning-making. Traditional philosophy and cultural influences are still present but are less obvious. The findings further reveal that the social and cultural contexts in China facilitate personal growth, and self- and social transformations. Based on these understandings, recommendations for tailoring on-site interpretation for Chinese tourists are provided.This thesis responds to the Euro-centric criticism in landscape research and proposes a multi-faceted visitor landscape perception framework. This framework synthesises and advances our fragmented knowledge of how outbound Chinese visitors perceive ‘foreign’ tourism landscapes. As one of the pioneering attempts to uncover landscape perception through the lived tourism encounters, this research unveils the unique and complex ways Chinese visitors ‘make sense of’ landscapes, and questions whether Eurocentric approaches to interpreting landscapes are likely to resonate with non-Western audiences. Practical recommendations on the design of meaningful site interpretation for Chinese tourists are provided. The limitations of this thesis and agenda for future research opportunities are discussed.

PurposeIn the past decade, the luxury hotel industry in China has experienced rapid growth. To date, few scholars have investigated what consumers value about their experiences in luxury hotels generally, let alone specifically in the Chinese context. As a result, little is known about what Chinese consumers value in luxury hotel services. To bridge this gap, this paper aims to (1) develop a five-factor luxury hotel value framework from a value co-creation perspective; and (2) assess the relationship between these value dimensions and Chinese consumers’ intentions to stay in luxury hotels.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 492 Chinese luxury hotels consumers participated in the study. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the proposed measurement model, and a hierarchical linear regression was used to test the relationship between luxury hotel value and purchase intentions.FindingsThe authors assessed five dimensions of luxury hotel value in the current study: utilitarian value, symbolic value, hedonic value, relational value and financial value. The regression results indicate that for Chinese luxury consumers, hedonic value is the most important predictor of luxury hotel purchase intentions, followed by financial value and utilitarian value. Interestingly, symbolic value and relational value do not significantly influence Chinese consumers’ luxury hotel purchase intentions.Practical implicationsLuxury hoteliers in China can use the value framework when making decisions about market segmentation and brand positioning and to gain a deeper understanding of what motivates target consumers’ purchase intentions. They can also use such knowledge to tailor their product offerings to the preferences of target consumers.Originality/valueThe current study is the first empirical test of a luxury hotel value framework from a value co-creation perspective in the Chinese market. Taking Chinese luxury consumers’ unique characteristics into consideration, the authors further investigate the relationships between various dimensions of luxury hotel value and Chinese consumers’ purchase intentions.

<p>This thesis addresses sustainable tourism in New Zealand, in the context of the Chinese inbound visitor market to New Zealand. The purpose of this research is to achieve a better understanding of environmental sustainability in New Zealand's tourism industry, how this impacts on New Zealand's marketing image, and the way the New Zealand tourism industry caters to the Chinese inbound visitor market. To achieve the research aims this study focuses on the following themes: visitor characteristics, trip characteristics, satisfaction, factors that impact on the visitors' decision to visit a destination, sustainable tourism in New Zealand, and New Zealand's marketing image. Using a triangulation research approach the visitors' perspective was obtained through the use of a visitor survey, whereas the suppliers' perspective was gathered via face-to-face interviews. The analytical framework adopted for this study further assisted in the comparison of the two travel structures: tour group and independent travellers, but also the evaluation of the visitors' and suppliers' perspectives. However, one of the key challenges with regards to the size of the visitor sample population during the time of this study was the impact of global issues such as the Sichuan Earthquake, Beijing Olympics, and the global financial crisis; which in essence affected the overall Chinese inbound visitor arrivals to New Zealand. From the combination of both the quantitative and qualitative data this study indicated that the Chinese visitor market is not as homogeneous as first established by other studies. This research also identified that a number of factors do impact on their decisions to visit a destination, such as safety and security, as well as the destination having a high level of environmental protection. A large proportion of Chinese visitors also perceived New Zealand to be more than just a reasonably sustainable tourism destination. This indicates that New Zealand's 'clean, green' reputation does potentially act as a key pull factor in the Chinese visitors' holidaymaking decisions. However, tour operators believe New Zealand has potential to become a sustainable tourism destination; however, more work is needed to retain the tourism industry's environmental 'sustainability'. Overall, it was established from the findings that there is a need for alternative tourism products as a means to retain the interest of Chinese visitors to New Zealand. It is indicated that current Chinese visitor package tours need to shift focus from being commission-based shopping endeavours to tours that entail aspects that feature the essence of New Zealand and the country's environmental sustainable position. In addition, it is also demonstrated that New Zealand's '100% PURE' tourism campaign is very standardized, and therefore makes it difficult to attract all of New Zealand's key visitor markets. Hence, to effectively attract the Chinese visitor market, New Zealand should adopt a specific promotional venture that takes advantage of the Chinese visitors concern for status, and their developing use of various information sources, such as the Internet, to push a marketing tagline that appeals explicitly to the Chinese visitor market.</p>

<p>This thesis addresses sustainable tourism in New Zealand, in the context of the Chinese inbound visitor market to New Zealand. The purpose of this research is to achieve a better understanding of environmental sustainability in New Zealand's tourism industry, how this impacts on New Zealand's marketing image, and the way the New Zealand tourism industry caters to the Chinese inbound visitor market. To achieve the research aims this study focuses on the following themes: visitor characteristics, trip characteristics, satisfaction, factors that impact on the visitors' decision to visit a destination, sustainable tourism in New Zealand, and New Zealand's marketing image. Using a triangulation research approach the visitors' perspective was obtained through the use of a visitor survey, whereas the suppliers' perspective was gathered via face-to-face interviews. The analytical framework adopted for this study further assisted in the comparison of the two travel structures: tour group and independent travellers, but also the evaluation of the visitors' and suppliers' perspectives. However, one of the key challenges with regards to the size of the visitor sample population during the time of this study was the impact of global issues such as the Sichuan Earthquake, Beijing Olympics, and the global financial crisis; which in essence affected the overall Chinese inbound visitor arrivals to New Zealand. From the combination of both the quantitative and qualitative data this study indicated that the Chinese visitor market is not as homogeneous as first established by other studies. This research also identified that a number of factors do impact on their decisions to visit a destination, such as safety and security, as well as the destination having a high level of environmental protection. A large proportion of Chinese visitors also perceived New Zealand to be more than just a reasonably sustainable tourism destination. This indicates that New Zealand's 'clean, green' reputation does potentially act as a key pull factor in the Chinese visitors' holidaymaking decisions. However, tour operators believe New Zealand has potential to become a sustainable tourism destination; however, more work is needed to retain the tourism industry's environmental 'sustainability'. Overall, it was established from the findings that there is a need for alternative tourism products as a means to retain the interest of Chinese visitors to New Zealand. It is indicated that current Chinese visitor package tours need to shift focus from being commission-based shopping endeavours to tours that entail aspects that feature the essence of New Zealand and the country's environmental sustainable position. In addition, it is also demonstrated that New Zealand's '100% PURE' tourism campaign is very standardized, and therefore makes it difficult to attract all of New Zealand's key visitor markets. Hence, to effectively attract the Chinese visitor market, New Zealand should adopt a specific promotional venture that takes advantage of the Chinese visitors concern for status, and their developing use of various information sources, such as the Internet, to push a marketing tagline that appeals explicitly to the Chinese visitor market.</p>

ABSTRACTWhile Greenland prepares itself to get “China ready” and Visit Greenland is increasingly gearing its offerings towards adventure tourists, this article examines the Chinese adventure market to Greenland. We first explore China-directed activities at the destination such as B2B trade development, product development and marketing training support for tourism operators. The article then compares these activities through social listening to needs and wants of Chinese travelers to Greenland, as expressed in travel blogs on the platform Mafengwo. The concerns voiced by Chinese travelers show how adventure tourism is understood and addressed differently at the destination and by Chinese tourists. By showing how local tourism actors see Chinese tourists and reversely, how Chinese tourists view and negotiate Greenland as a tourist destination, we argue for a more dynamic understanding of Chinese adventure tourism to Greenland to seize changes and opportunities within the Chinese market. Especially in light of new international airports, this conversation, we argue, is of vital importance to work with this market in a sustainable manner. In conclusion, the article sketches possible trajectories towards the development of more culturally sensitive tourism.

This paper examines the characteristics of Chinese tourist repeat visits to France. The focus is on the different ways these Chinese tourists acquire mobility skills, pointing out the social profiles and trajectories of such individuals. This approach brings both an empirical and theoretical contribution—as modest as it is—to the definition of the concepts of social capital and mobility skills applied to Chinese tourists. The analysis of social trajectories is based upon a corpus of ten tourists interviewed biographically, which corresponds to three ideal types determined from interviews with influential operators in the field, the really active fringe of accredited agencies to welcome Chinese tourists in France. As in other countries, we can observe that Chinese international tourists individualize their tourist practices when progressively expanding their mobility skills. While all of them were visiting the French territory in groups until very recently, some Chinese tourists are now discovering France on a more individual mode and are venturing outside traditional tourist haunts.

Background and Aims: This study aims to bridge the gap in knowledge about Thai vegetables among Chinese tourists visiting Thailand. Through a combination of questionnaires and literature reviews, the researcher identified a lack of familiarity with Thai vegetables among Chinese tourists, potentially influenced by regional cultural differences and eating habits. To address this issue, the study proposes the development of a WeChat mini program as an educational tool to assist Chinese tourists in identifying and understanding Thai vegetables. Materials and Methods: Data was collected through questionnaires administered to Chinese tourists to determine their level of knowledge and familiarity with Thai vegetables. The findings were complemented by a comprehensive literature review on the types, nutritional values, and promotion status of Thai vegetables in the Chinese market. The questionnaire survey revealed specific Thai vegetables that were unfamiliar to Chinese tourists. This information was then incorporated into a database to develop the "Identifying Thai Vegetables" WeChat mini program. Results: The "Identifying Thai Vegetables" WeChat mini program is a well-designed and effective tool that facilitates the identification of Thai vegetables and enhances users' understanding of Thai cuisine and culture. By continuously innovating and expanding its features, the mini program has the potential to become an indispensable resource for individuals interested in exploring the rich culinary landscape of Thailand, promoting awareness and increasing the consumption of Thai vegetables among Chinese tourists. Conclusion: The mini program features a bilingual interface in both Chinese and Thai, facilitating accurate identification and comprehensive information retrieval. By leveraging machine learning and image recognition technologies, the mini program allows users to upload or take photos of vegetables, which are then analyzed to provide names, descriptions, and pronunciation guides in both languages. This tool aims to bridge the language barrier and enhance the culinary experience for Chinese residents and tourists in Thailand, contributing to a deeper appreciation and knowledge of local produce.

Understanding the environmental risk communication needs of Chinese tourists: FINAL REPORT

Percibir a corea del norte a través de los ojos de los turistas chinosPropósitoeste documento presenta un estudio de caso que investiga las percepciones de los turistas chinos sobre Corea del Norte, considerado uno de los destinos turísticos más singulares del mundo.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueeste estudio exploratorio informa resultados basados en entrevistas semiestructuradas con 30 turistas chinos. Este estudio utiliza el modelo cognitivo-afectivo para clasificar la imagen de destino propuesta por los encuestados. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido.Hallazgosel estudio encontró que la imagen cognitiva se enfoca en atributos tales como la situación económica/política única del país, el entorno natural virgen y la construcción de infraestructura deficiente. Los componentes afectivos se centran en la relación amistosa entre China y Corea del Norte, y una comparación entre la situación actual de Corea del Norte y la de China durante el período de la Revolución Cultural.Limitaciones/implicacionesde la investigación: dado el enfoque cualitativo y la naturaleza exploratoria, los resultados pueden no generalizarse a la literatura más amplia del mercado emisor chino. La contribución teórica de este artículo a la imagen de destino puede estar limitada a los contextos culturales chinos.Este estudio ofrece implicaciones prácticas para promover las imágenes de Corea del Norte para atraer a más visitantes chinos.Originalidad/valorel modelo cognitivo-afectivo como uno de los modelos más utilizados se utilizó para explorar la imagen de destino de Corea del Norte a los ojos de los turistas chinos. Además, este estudio destaca la importancia de la política para influir en la imagen de destino de un país.

<p>This thesis explores the international political economy (IPE) of outbound Chinese tourism within the context of New Zealand. New Zealand as a case study shows the impact of tourism changes on a nation reliant on tourism. It demonstrates the growing impact of China as an international economic and political power. It utilizes a mixed method approach to conduct a document-based and literature-based investigation and concludes Chinese tourism is reshaping the New Zealand political economy. New Zealand marketing strategies have shifted to cater to the Chinese market but could expand to meet these different interests, including culturescapes and collectivism. The economic impact of Chinese tourism has been broadly positive for New Zealand but far more could be done to leverage tourism. New Zealand is an expensive destination and could target high value tourists. This would require more quality offerings and making full use of the linkages between tourism and trade. More can be done to maximise the value added by e-commerce post visitation. The growth of Chinese tourism has uncovered deficiencies in New Zealand and stimulated debates around how to ensure the New Zealand tourism industry is sustainable. New Zealand policymakers and commentators are debating how to shift tourists to the shoulder seasons and the regions and how to maintain sustainable tourism numbers. The rise of Chinese inbound tourism to New Zealand has also uncovered an infrastructure deficit. By examining the overall state of Chinese tourism to New Zealand, this thesis creates a comprehensive assessment of how Chinese outbound tourism is shaping New Zealand’s political economy.</p>