Abstract
Nerve injuries causing segmental loss require nerve grafting. However, autografts and allografts have limitations for clinical use. Peripheral nerve xenotransplantation has become an area of great interest in clinical surgery research as an alternative graft strategy. However, xenotransplant rejection is severe with cellular immunity, and Th1 cells play an important role in the process. To better understand the process of rejection, we used peripheral nerve xenografts from rats to mice and found that mononuclear cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-17 infiltrated around the grafts, and IFN-γ and IL-17 producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased during the process of acute rejection. The changes of IL-4 level had no significant difference between xenotransplanted group and sham control group. The rejection of xenograft was significantly prevented after the treatment of IL-17 and IFN-γ neutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that Th17 cells contribute to the acute rejection process of peripheral nerve xenotransplant in addition to Th1 cells.
Highlights
Peripheral nerve injuries are very commonly seen in the clinic
We found that the changes of IL-4 level had no significant difference in xenograft recipients,which is consistent with our previous result [6]
The level of mononuclear cell infiltration, distension, and necrosis significantly increased in all xenografts at different time point after xenotransplantation compared with the control group. (Fig. 1)
Summary
Peripheral nerve injuries are very commonly seen in the clinic If they cannot be immediately repaired to recover continuity and integrity, they often result in motor and sensory deficits for patients [1]. In many instances these injuries result in long nerve segment loss preventing the nerve ends from being directly sutured due to increased tension [2]. In these cases grafts such as autografts and allografts must be used to bridge the long nerve gaps. In order to find a means of reconstructing injured nerves, peripheral nerve xenotransplantation has become an increasingly promising alternative
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