A Cross-national and Inter-generational analysis of Eritrean transnational engagement in London and Milan

Abstract

This research is a comparative analysis examining the experiences of Eritrean migrant communities in London and Milan. Building on literature on transnationalism and diaspora, this thesis examines factors that contribute to specific formulation(s) of Eritrean identity by focusing (i) on the significance of history and context of migration, (ii) Eritreans’ participation in cross-border activities and associations and (iii) participation in EPLF/PFDJ organising. Migrants' engagement in transnational activities poses important questions about their ability to foster a sense of national belonging and loyalty towards two or more nations. State control over transnational migrants by their country of origin competes with, and may come into conflict with, the policies and politics of living in a new host country. Indeed, the multiple entanglements with which migrants engage, affect the way that a community is organized, its access to education and employment, and the development of new forms of identity through positive forms of identification and/or through the experience of discrimination. Therefore, this research examines the impact of migration policies in the country of residence in Eritreans’ ability and willingness to engage in cross-border activities that connect Eritrean migrants not only to Eritrea, but also to other Eritrean transnational communities across the diaspora. Finally, as migrants and second generations are differentially situated not only in relation to the country of residence – in this case Italy and UK – but also in relation to the country of origin – Eritrea – this thesis examines generational differences in the ways in which ideas around national identity and belonging are constructed and renegotiated over time.