Abstract
BackgroundThere is very little published work on dietary intake and nutritional status of Mozambicans. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study on the diet and nutritional status of adolescent girls in different types of communities in Zambézia Province, Central Mozambique, in two distinct seasons.ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to present the design, methods, and study population characteristics of the Estudo do Estado Nutricional e da Dieta em Raparigas Adolescentes na Zambézia (the ZANE Study).MethodsData was collected in January-February 2010 ("hunger season") and in May-June 2010 ("harvest season"). A total of 551 girls in the age group 14-19 years old were recruited from one urban area and two districts (district towns and rural villages). The study protocol included a background interview, a 24-hour dietary recall interview, a food frequency questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance, hemoglobin measurement, and venous blood, urine, buccal cell, and fecal sampling.ResultsAdolescent motherhood was common in all study regions. Stunting prevalence for the total study population as a weighted percentage was 17.8% (95/549; 95% CI 14.3-22.0) with no regional differences. Overweight was found mainly in the urban area where the prevalence was 12.6% (20/159; 95% CI 7.5-17.6), thinness was rare. There were regional differences in the prevalence of malaria parasitemia and intestinal helminth infestation, but not human immunodeficiency virus.ConclusionsThe fully analyzed data from the ZANE Study will yield results useful for setting priorities in nutrition policy and further research on the diet and nutritional status in Mozambique and other countries with similar nutritional problems.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01944891; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01944891 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6L9OUrsq8).
Highlights
When developed economies stopped growing in the 2008–2009 financial crisis but developing economies kept on growing, the world took notice.1 The rise of the South, seen within the developing world as an overdue global rebalancing, has been much commented on since
5.1 Under the accelerated progress scenario, the largest projected increases in the Human Development Index are in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia 118
39 A scenario of education level distribution where universal primary education is complemented by broadbased secondary education brings the highest annual economic growth rates for a typical low Human Development Index (HDI) country with a large share of young people (IIASA 2008)
Summary
2.5 Current foreign direct investment is positively associated with achievements in health and education in previous years. 2.6 Emerging market economies have amassed large foreign exchange reserves since 1995. 3.2 Current HDI values and previous public expenditures are positively correlated . As are current child survival and previous public expenditure on health 71. 4.2 In most countries, employment opportunities have not kept pace with educational attainment. 4.3 At each HDI level, some countries have greater carbon productivity than others 94. 4.4 Different environmental scenarios have different impacts on extreme poverty 96
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