A Cross-Sectional Study of Time Since Death From Image Analysis of Corneal Opacity.

Anamika Nath,Bashan Kupar Rymbai,Amar J Patowary,Daunipaia Slong,Rangme Betlin Yvette Marbaniang,Kumar Pinku Pratim,Amarantha Donna Ropmay

doi:10.7759/cureus.14975

Abstract

Estimation of time since death (TSD) is an important aspect of forensic medicine. Methods used so far are subjective and have human errors. Corneal opacity images using software to analyze the red, green, and blue (RGB) components of corneal color against the TSD may prove to be an objective method. This study aimed to estimate TSD from image analysis of corneal opacity from the cornea of deceased individuals brought in for medicolegal autopsy to study the factors affecting corneal opacity and to formulate a predictive equation for the estimation of TSD. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the department of forensic medicine and toxicology of a tertiary care medical institute over two years. The study group included cadavers brought in for autopsy where the TSD was known from hospital records. For study tools, we used a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera with standardized settings, a dark box made of cardboard, and open-access RGB analysis software. Images were analyzed for differences in the numeric values of the RGB color and compared against the TSD. Correlations between TSD and age, gender, and environmental temperature were checked. This study involved 30 cases; these were analyzed and showed an increase in the numeric values of RGB for the corneal color as the TSD increases. Of note, the correlation of TSD with the color red was greater than for either blue or green; age had a positive correlation while gender had nearly no correlation, and the environmental temperature had a negative correlation. Based on this, gender was excluded from our equation. Also, we noted that the variance inflation factor of green was high and, therefore, excluded it from the predictive equation. The equation derived follows: TSD = {(0.091 x Age) + (0.171 x Red) + (0.018 x Blue) - (0.019 x Environmental Temperature) - 5.263}. Using this equation, the mean error was 21 minutes. This equation further narrowed the time range, usually given as four to six hours, when determining the TSD via conventional methods. Image analysis of corneal color after death using RGB analysis software can give us a more accurate and human error-free TSD that can be digitally stored and reproduced and, therefore, could prove useful in the forensic arena in the future.

Highlights

The main objectives of an autopsy include finding out the cause of death, time since death (TSD), manner of death, mode of death, and the like
The rest were excluded due to injuries to the craniofacial area, burns, and decomposition, and the majority because the bodies came from outside the hospital with no record of the time of death. Those that were kept in the freezer during the previous night were excluded from the study as freezing delays the progression of corneal opacity
It was found that these numeric values increased with intensified colors or progressing corneal opacity, as well as with an increase in TSD

Summary

Introduction

The main objectives of an autopsy include finding out the cause of death, time since death (TSD), manner of death, mode of death, and the like. The temperature of the body, rigor mortis, and post-mortem hypostasis are given precedence when calculating TSD, and over time, the importance of corneal opacity is declining amongst autopsy surgeons/autopsy pathologist. Accurate, reproducible, and human-error-free method for the estimation of TSD, we used RGB (Red, Green, Blue) image analysis of the corneal color of the deceased using opensource software freely available on the internet (Image J: https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/index.html). We hope this study may help in restoring the value of analyzing corneal opacity in relation to TSD. This is the first of its kind research in India and would make autopsy surgeons'/autopsy pathologists' work easier, more accurate, and technology-based. To further increase the accuracy of TSD estimation, other quantifiable parameters were evaluated

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