Abstract
Depression is estimated to be the second leading cause of disability in the United States and is associated with a 52% increased risk of death. Lifestyle components may have an important role in depression pathogenesis. The aims of this study were to analyze the association of meeting the physical activity (PA) recommendation guidelines and depression, and to analyze the all-cause mortality risk of the joint association of PA and depression. This cross-sectional study included 7201 participants from the 2007–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey aged ≥ 50 years and linked to National Death Index records through December 31, 2015. Depression was defined as a score ≥ 10 using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). PA was self-reported, and total PA was used to classify participants as more active (≥ 600 MET-min/week) or less active (< 600 MET-min/week). The odds ratios for depression were examined according to be more active or less active. The hazard ratios (HR) for the association of PA level and depression status with all-cause mortality were examined. Being more active was associated with reduced odds for depression. Compared with less active participants with depression, those who were more active and having depression had HR 0.45 (95% CI 0.22, 0.91, p = 0.026) for all-cause mortality. Being more active is associated with lower odds for depression and seems to be a protective factor against the increased all-cause mortality risk due to depression.
Highlights
Depression is estimated to be the second leading cause of disability in the United States and is associated with a 52% increased risk of death
The likelihood of having depression was lower for those participants in the more-active group compared to those in the less-active group
The weighted odds for having depression after adjusting the results by age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual household income, educational level, alcohol consumption, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes were 0.57 for the more-active group compared to the less-active group (Table 2)
Summary
Depression is estimated to be the second leading cause of disability in the United States and is associated with a 52% increased risk of death. The aims of this study were to analyze the association of meeting the physical activity (PA) recommendation guidelines and depression, and to analyze the all-cause mortality risk of the joint association of PA and depression. This cross-sectional study included 7201 participants from the 2007–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey aged ≥ 50 years and linked to National Death Index records through December 31, 2015. Being more active is associated with lower odds for depression and seems to be a protective factor against the increased all-cause mortality risk due to depression. Biological theories about the antidepressant mechanisms of PA are mainly based on the improvement of neuroplasticity, and in the reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress, while psychosocial theories are based on the improvement of self-esteem, social support, and self-efficacy[14]
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