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Abstract
From a socio-ecological perspective, individuals are influenced by the interplay of individual, relational, and societal factors operating as a broader system. Thereby, to support youth adjustment during the critical adolescence period, the interplay between these factors should be investigated. This study aimed to investigate cross-cultural differences in adolescents’ maternal and paternal attachment, adolescents’ adjustment difficulties and self-control, and in their association. N = 1000 adolescents (mean (M) age = 16.94, SD = 0.48; 45.90% males) from China, Italy, Spain, and Poland participated by completing self-report measures. Results showed cross-country similarities and differences among the considered variables and their associative pattern. Moreover, conditional process analysis evaluating the association between maternal vs. paternal attachment and adjustment difficulties, mediated by self-control, and moderated by country, was performed. Maternal attachment directly, and indirectly through greater self-control, influenced adjustment difficulties in all four countries. This association was stronger among Spaniards. Paternal attachment influenced directly, and indirectly through self-control, on adolescents’ adjustment difficulties only in Italy, Spain, and Poland, and was stronger among Polish adolescents. For Chinese adolescents, paternal attachment solely associated with adjustment difficulties when mediated by self-control. Thus, results highlighted both similarities and differences across countries in the interplay between maternal vs. paternal attachment and self-control on adolescents’ adjustment difficulties. Implications are discussed.
Highlights
This paper aimed to investigate cross-cultural differences—as inferred from crosscountry comparisons—in self-control, maternal and paternal attachment, and adjustment difficulties [47,69,106] among adolescents coming from different cultural backgrounds and with different cultural orientations
Statement underlining that “discipline and monitoring are critical to the formation of self-control . . . the mere presence of discipline and monitoring is not sufficient . . . [and]
Relying on a socio-ecological perspective, the current exploratory, cross-cultural study sought to add to the available literature by assessing cross-country differences in maternal and paternal attachment, self-control, and adjustment difficulties among adolescence
Summary
The community, society, and environment in general represent the macro-systems that dynamically influence on the properties of relationships and behaviors of youth and continue throughout adulthood (i.e., the micro-system) [1,2,3,4]. In this regard, this perspective points to the relevance of social networks referring to both informal and formal relationships across the broader system levels, as influencing on both the development, or prevention, of deviant behavior [1] and of adjustment and well-being as well [2,3,5,6].
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