Abstract
Fossil resource depletion and associated global warming are the key drivers that are advocating a shift from fossil-based to a biobased economy. Biorefinery offers a sustainable and green option through decarbonization pathways to produce marketable biobased products analogous to the petro-based refinery and therefore supports bioeconomy. Both environmental and economical sustainability will be key in adopting the biorefinery systems in the context of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Environmental impact assessment of biorefinery is a critical intervention toward understanding its sustainability in a wider context. Life cycle assessment tools will help in a major way in comprehensively assessing the impact with a designed methodological protocol which eventually provides environmental impact metrics, as well as hotspots. However, the application of life cycle assessment to biorefinery systems still needs to be optimized systematically with guidelines for accurate assessment with a standard protocol.
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