A critical review of leakage detection strategies including pressure and water quality sensor placement in water distribution systems – sole and integrated approaches for leakage and contamination intrusion

Abstract

Water leakages in water distribution networks not only affects on natural water resources but also cause problems to nearby infrastructure or environment and makes water distribution networks more prone to contamination. Complexity in water distribution systems makes leakage detection and its monitoring a difficult task. Leakages in water distribution systems are caused due to damages in pipes, lack of maintenance of pressure due to uncertain demand and various operating conditions. Therefore, to manage the pressure in the water distribution systems it is necessary to identify appropriate leak location. Various studies on pressure management focused on optimal sensor placement for leak localization considering various constraints cost of sensors, demand uncertainty, damages and burst in pipes and few focused on valve location and optimization for control of pressure. The aim of the paper is mainly focus to provide a comprehensive review of various studies related to water quantity and quality related aspects in WDSs. Therefore, it mainly focuses on pressure and water quality sensor placement in water distribution systems with sole and integrated approaches for leakage minimization and contamination intrusion in water distribution systems. This study also focused on optimization model formulations including objective function and constraints, solution methodologies used, and other informative details as inclusive of water quality consideration, network analysis and optimization methods used. A critical review of available methodologies, including existing simulation tools, existing solution approaches, available sensor placement toolkits, technical challenges, and future research direction is presented.