Abstract
The research field of glucose biosensing has shown remarkable growth and development since the first reported enzyme electrode in 1962. Extensive research on various immobilization methods and the improvement of electron transfer efficiency between the enzyme and the electrode have led to the development of various sensing platforms that have been constantly evolving with the invention of advanced nanostructures and their nano-composites. Examples of such nanomaterials or composites include gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, carbon/graphene quantum dots and chitosan hydrogel composites, all of which have been exploited due to their contributions as components of a biosensor either for improving the immobilization process or for their electrocatalytic activity towards glucose. This review aims to summarize the evolution of the biosensing aspect of these glucose sensors in terms of the various generations and recent trends based on the use of applied nanostructures for glucose detection in the presence and absence of the enzyme. We describe the history of these biosensors based on commercialized systems, improvements in the understanding of the surface science for enhanced electron transfer, the various sensing platforms developed in the presence of the nanomaterials and their performances.
Highlights
The research field of glucose biosensing has shown remarkable growth and development since the first reported enzyme electrode in 1962
Company and became a commercial product in with the successful launch of the Company and became a commercial product in 1975 with the successful launch of the first glucose analyzer based on the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide from the samples of whole blood, the so-called first glucose analyzer based on the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide from the samples of based on the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide from the samples of whole blood, the so-called model blood, so-called model model
(PDDA)-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which were combined with functionalized graphene (G)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to form a nanocomposite which was used as an immobilization matrix for GOx enzyme. This biosensor exhibited a sensitivity of 29.72 mA M−1 cm−2 and showed a very satisfactory associated analytical performance towards glucose since the graphene-nanotube and gold nanoparticle composite hierarchical structure provided a conductive network for efficient electron transfer as well as providing more binding sites for the enzyme
Summary
The first enzyme-based electrode for glucose detection was reported by Clark and Lyons in 1962 [1]. Heller’s group reported one of the first smart routes to establishing this communication between the glucose oxidase active sites and the electrode using a long, flexible poly(4-vinlypyridine) (PVP) or poly(vinylimidazole) polymer backbone which had a dense array of linked osmium-complex electron relays [7] In this way, the redox polymer penetrates and binds the enzyme and forms a three-dimensional network. Due to the permeable nature of the applied polymer, glucose and the product of the reaction are transferred between the matrix and the electrode Another attractive route to facilitate electron transfer between the glucose oxidase redox center and the electrode surface is the chemical modification of the enzyme itself. Schematic image of of thethe mediated biosensor working principle, second generation biosensors
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