Abstract
To protect ecologies and the environment by preventing floods, analysis of the impact of climate change on water requires a tool capable of considering the rainfall-runoff processes on a small scale, for example, 10 m. As has been shown previously, hydrologic models are good at simulating rainfall-runoff processes on a large scale, e.g., over several hundred km2, while hydraulic models are more advantageous for applications on smaller scales. In order to take advantages of these two types of models, this paper coupled a hydrologic model, the Xinanjing model (XAJ), with a hydraulic model, the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-accelerated high-performance integrated hydraulic modelling system (HiPIMS). The study was completed in the Misai basin (797 km2), located in Zhejiang Province, China. The coupled XAJ–HiPIMS model was validated against observed flood events. The simulated results agree well with the data observed at the basin outlet. The study proves that a coupled hydrologic and hydraulic model is capable of providing flood information on a small scale for a large basin and shows the potential of the research.
Highlights
Flood, as the most common natural hazard, causes huge causalities, heavy economic losses, and ecological and environmental risks worldwide [1,2]
Presented good agreement with the measurement; (2) in terms of absolute relative error of flood-peak discharge (ARED), the XAJ–HiPIMS achieved a better flood peak simulation, especially for the bigger flood; (3) in terms of difference of peak arrival timeabsolute (DPAT), the differences between simulations and measurements were no more than 1 h and smaller differences were found in the medium flood; (4) in terms of Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE), XAJ–HiPIMS obtained good flood simulations, which were greater than 0.85
In flood processes (FPs)(B), cultivated land was inundated with the maximum water depth of more than 1 meter
Summary
As the most common natural hazard, causes huge causalities, heavy economic losses, and ecological and environmental risks worldwide [1,2]. A warmer climate creates more extreme storm events, combined with rapid land use/cover change and a growing population, the risk of floods to urban and farming areas is increasing and posing a threat to ecologies and the environment [2,3,4,5,6]. Extreme rainfall is considered as the main cause of flooding [7], inadequate flood risk management contributes to the increase of flood risk [8]. There is an urgent requirement for flood simulation/forecasting and integrated flood risk management in our changing environment. High spatial heterogeneity of a realistic basin raises the requirement for fine flood management characterized by spatial information inside of the complex basin that affects its response to extreme storms. The overland flow is barely considered as a fully dynamic flow, and is normally solved for by hydrologic concepts such as linear reservoir [19] or is assumed to be a two-dimensional (2D) kinematic/diffusive wave equation [16]
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