A CO-to-H2 Ratio of ≈10−5 toward the Herbig Ae Star HK Ori

Abstract

Abstract Measurements of gas mass in protoplanetary gas disks form the basis for estimating the conditions of planet formation. Among the most important constraints derived from disk diagnostics are the abundances of gas-phase species critical for understanding disk chemistry. Toward this end, we present direct line-of-sight measurements of H2 and CO, employing UV absorption spectroscopy from Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph to characterize disk composition, molecular excitation temperatures, and spatial distribution in the circumstellar material around the Herbig Ae stars HK Ori and T Ori. We observe strong CO (N(CO) = 1015.5 cm−2; T rot(CO) = 19 K) and H2 (N(H2) = 1020.34 cm−2; T rot(H2) = 141 K) absorption toward HK Ori with a CO/H2 ratio of (≡N(CO)/N(H2)) = × 10−5. These measurements place direct empirical constraints on the CO-to-H2 conversion factor in the disk around a Herbig Ae star for the first time, although there is uncertainty concerning the exact viewing geometry of the disk. The spectra of T Ori show CO (N(CO) = 1014.9 cm−2; T rot(CO) = 124 K) absorption. Interestingly, we do not detect any H2 absorption toward this star (N(H2) < 1015.9 cm−2). We discuss a potential scenario for the detection of CO without H2, which deserves further investigation. The low abundance ratio measured around HK Ori suggests significant depletion of CO in the circumstellar gas, which conforms with the handful of other recent CO abundance measurements in protoplanetary disks.