A Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin Versus Antithymocyte Globulin-fresenius as Induction Therapy for Patients With Kidney Transplantation From Donation After Cardiac Death in China

Abstract

PurposeInduction immunosuppression therapy is used to support optimal outcomes in kidney transplantation. This study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of rabbit antithymocyte globulin (r-ATG) versus ATG-Fresenius (ATG-F) in kidney transplantation in the Chinese setting from the perspective of the health care payer. MethodsA 2-part survival model was developed, consisting of a short-term part and a long-term part. The short-term part analyzed the first year, using the decision tree, and consisted of the functioning transplant, acute rejection (AR), delayed graft function (DGF), dialysis, and death health states. The long-term part analyzed 2 to 5 years, using Markov model, and consisted of the functioning transplant, chronic dysfunction, recurring primary disease, dialysis, and death health states, with capture of the association between DGF and graft loss. Costs, including drug acquisition and other direct medical costs, were derived from China IQVIA database (formerly known as IMS) hospital database, chart review, and physician interviews. Clinical outcomes and utility were retrieved from published literature. The model calculated quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and total costs per patient. Costs and QALYs were discounted at an annual rate of 3.5%. Univariate sensitivity analysis and probability sensitivity analysis (PSA) were conducted to assess the impact of uncertainty of the variables on the results. FindingsPatients who received r-ATG had more clinical effectiveness than patients who received ATG-F mainly because of less AR, DGF, and dialysis. The incremental QALY was 0.01 over a 1-year time horizon and 0.0496 over a 5-year time horizon. R-ATG and ATG-F drug costs were ¥10,783 and ¥8409, respectively. However, the total treatment costs of the r-ATG arm were lower than the ATG-F arm because of lower costs related to DGF, AR, dialysis, and adverse events. In total, r-ATG saved ¥5423 over the 1-year and ¥7042 over the 5-year time horizon. R-ATG was dominant with lower total direct medical costs and higher QALYs compared with ATG-F. Both univariate sensitivity analysis and PSA found the robustness of the model results. PSA results indicated that r-ATG was cost-effective compared with ATG-F in 86.81% of the simulations, considering <3 times the gross domestic product per capita as the threshold. ImplicationsFrom the perspective of the health care payer, r-ATG should be considered as the preferred treatment agent for induction therapy for Chinese patients undergoing kidney transplantation because of its lower overall medical costs and greater QALYs gained compared with ATG-F. The study was limited by lack of long-term efficacy data among the Chinese population and lack of comprehensive real-world higher quality costs data.