Abstract
We present a high-resolution digital correlation spectrum analyzer for the measurement of low frequency resistance fluctuations in graphene samples. The system exploits the cross-correlation method to reject the amplifiers’ noise. The graphene sample is excited with a low-noise DC current. The output voltage is fed to two two-stage low-noise amplifiers connected in parallel; the DC signal component is filtered by a high-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 34 mHz. The amplified signals are digitized by a two-channel synchronous ADC board; the cross-periodogram, which rejects uncorrelated amplifiers’ noise components, is computed in real time. As a practical example, we measured the noise cross-spectrum of graphene samples in the frequency range from 0.153 Hz to 10 kHz, both in two- and four-wire configurations, and for different bias currents. We report here the measurement setup, the data analysis and the error sources.
Highlights
Like other electrically conducting materials, when crossed by a current, graphene exhibits electrical excess noise, dominated by flicker (1/f ) noise
We present a high-resolution digital correlation spectrum analyzer for the measurement of low frequency resistance fluctuations in graphene samples
The graphene sample is excited with a lownoise DC current
Summary
Like other electrically conducting materials, when crossed by a current, graphene exhibits electrical excess noise, dominated by flicker (1/f ) noise. The analyzer is based on cross-correlation [26, 27], which rejects to a large extent the noise of the amplifiers, and allows to determine the device noise power spectrum under DC current excitation. Both analogue [28, 29] and digital [30, 31] cross-correlators have been described in the literature, the most accurate implementations being employed in Johnson noise thermometry experiments [32,33,34].
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