A Corpus-Based Comparison of the Pragmatic Use of Qian and Hou to Examine the Applicability of Space–Time Metaphor Hypothesis in Early Child Mandarin

Linda Tsung,Dandan Wu

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565763

Linda Tsung, Dandan Wu

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565763

Copy DOI

Abstract

The Universal Space–Time Mapping Hypothesis suggests that temporal expression is based on spatial metaphor for all human beings. This study examines its applicability in the Chinese language using the data elicited from the Early Childhood Mandarin Corpus (ECMC) (Li and Tse, 2011), which collected the utterances produced by 168 Mandarin-speaking preschoolers in a semistructured play context. The unique pair of Chinese words, qian (前/before/front) and hou (后/after/back), which can be used to express either time (before/after) or space (front/back) in daily communication, was the unit of analysis. The results indicated that: (1) there was a significant age effect in the production of “qian/hou,” indicating that the period before the age of 4.5 may be critical for the development of temporal and spatial expression; (2) the pair was produced to express time (before/after) much earlier than space (front/back), indicating that the expression of time might not necessarily be based on the spatial metaphor; and (3) the pair was used more frequently to express time (before/after) than space (front/back) by the preschoolers, thus challenging the hypothesis.

Highlights

Space and time are the two fundamental and interrelated dimensions of human cognition and language production, with spatial terms being often used to describe the occurrence, sequence, and duration of events (Majid et al, 2013)
This study examines its applicability in the Chinese language using the data elicited from the Early Childhood Mandarin Corpus (ECMC) (Li and Tse, 2011), which collected the utterances produced by 168 Mandarin-speaking preschoolers in a semistructured play context
As the first comparison of temporal and spatial expressions using the same pair of words, qian ( ) and hou ( ), this study found significant age differences and remarkable developmental patterns in early child Mandarin

Summary

Introduction

Space and time are the two fundamental and interrelated dimensions of human cognition and language production, with spatial terms being often used to describe the occurrence, sequence, and duration of events (Majid et al, 2013). This is because temporal relationships are abstract and invisible and have to be encoded into spatial terms using spatial metaphors, as suggested by the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, 1999) and the Universal Space–Time Mapping Hypothesis (Fauconnier and Turner, 2008). Chinese, featuring a pair of words—“qian ” (before/front) and “hou ” (after/back) that could be used to express both temporal (before/after) and spatial (front/back)

Methods

Results

Conclusion