A core outcome set for school-based physical activity interventions: an international consensus

Abstract

Abstract Background Studies of school-based physical activity interventions vary in the outcomes they measure. This prevents comparisons of results to establish impacts. We aimed to develop a core outcome set agreed by key stakeholders for future studies of school-based physical activity interventions. Methods We used a modified-Delphi consensus method. First, we conducted a systematic review to identify outcomes measured in relevant studies and listed these in a Delphi survey. Next, we recruited key stakeholders to complete 2 survey rounds: Round 1 was to rate each outcome from ‘not important' to ‘critical', and Round 2 was to re-rate the outcomes based on feedback from Round 1. Outcomes rated ‘critical' by 70% of stakeholders (i.e., reaching consensus) were highlighted. Then, using the full list of outcomes, we conducted a children's workshop to include their views. Finally, we held a stakeholder meeting to discuss results and agree consensus. Results We identified 50 outcomes from the systematic review. Sixty-five stakeholders (16 educators, 13 health professionals, 12 parents, 24 researchers) representing 9 countries completed both survey rounds; 13/50 outcomes reached consensus. Children (n = 16) identified 8 outcomes of importance; 3 were consistent with the survey results. Stakeholders attending the meeting (n = 13) reached consensus on 14 outcomes to be included in the core outcome set: fitness, physical activity intensity, energy, sleep, diet, happiness, stress, depression, anxiety, wellbeing, self-esteem, enjoyment, concentration, and focus. These core outcomes were reviewed and agreed by all 65 stakeholders. Conclusions Our core outcome set agreed by international stakeholders includes physical and mental health, and cognitive function. We recommend its use in future studies of school-based physical activity interventions. Findings from future studies can be compared and combined which will be relevant to public health policy makers and educators. Key messages School-based physical activity interventions should measure physical and mental health, and cognitive function. Wide use of this core outcome set will enable findings to be compared and combined.