A control systems conceptualization of the goal-setting and changing process

Abstract

Most of the research on goal setting has focused on the relationship between goals and subsequent performance. Much less research has been directed at explaining why goal setting works or at integrating it with other motivational theories. In this paper a control systems model of motivation is developed in which a goal is considered a referent or desired state to which performance is compared. Any discrepancy (error) between goals and performance creates a corrective motivation. Predictions based on this model are tested in a classroom situation using a longitudinal research design involving 188 college students. Results support many aspects of the proposed model. It is concluded that goal setting should be viewed as a dynamic process in which both self-set goals and environmental feedback are incorporated into a system that monitors performance relative to a desired state and adjusts subsequent goals, behaviors, and strategies.