Abstract
In this paper, a new axisymmetric shell element is devised to limit and shakedown analysis. The element is based on a Hellinger–Reissner-type variational formulation with velocity and stress fields independently interpolated. We also employ the continuum-based approach which allows the definition of the shakedown problem at the continuum level without any approximation in terms of generalized stresses. The mixed interpolation scheme showed very good accuracy for the set of representative examples discussed in detail. The numerical tests include: (1) the limit analysis of cylindrical shells under ring loads and (2) the shakedown analysis of pressure vessels with ellipsoidal and torispherical heads subjected to internal pressure.
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