Abstract
Smart health (s-health) is a vital topic and an essential research field today, supporting the real-time monitoring of user’s data by using sensors, either in direct or indirect contact with the human body. Real-time monitoring promotes changes in healthcare from a reactive to a proactive paradigm, contributing to early detection, prevention, and long-term management of health conditions. Under these new conditions, continuous user authentication plays a key role in protecting data and access control, once it focuses on keeping track of a user’s identity throughout the system operation. Traditional user authentication systems cannot fulfill the security requirements of s-health, because they are limited, prone to security breaches, and require the user to frequently authenticate by, e.g., a password or fingerprint. This interrupts the normal use of the system, being highly inconvenient and not user friendly. Also, data transmission in current authentication systems relies on wireless technologies, which are susceptible to eavesdropping during the pairing stage. Biological signals, e.g., electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG), can offer continuous and seamless authentication bolstered by exclusive characteristics from each individual. However, it is necessary to redesign current authentication systems to encompass biometric traits and new communication technologies that can jointly protect data and provide continuous authentication. Hence, this article presents a novel biosignal authentication system, in which the photoplethysmogram (PPG) biosignal and a galvanic coupling (GC) channel lead to continuous, seamless, and secure user authentication. Furthermore, this article contributes to a clear organization of the state of the art on biosignal-based continuous user authentication systems, assisting research studies in this field. The evaluation of the system feasibility presents accuracy in keeping data integrity and up to 98.66% accuracy in the authentication process.
Highlights
Smart healthcare (s-health) applications have great potential to positively impact the daily lives of many people, contributing to early detection, prevention, and long-term management of health conditions
Healthcare is moving from a reactive approach to a proactive one, promoted mainly by the continuous monitoring of health conditions and the techniques of data analytics applied to the collected data. e monitoring system allows an individual to closely monitor their changes in vital signs and provide feedback in real-time, which helps to maintain optimal health status
Biosignal Enhanced Au entication system (BEAT) has shown the best results for the NR2/UFPR#1 dataset, presenting an accuracy of 98.66%, 12 false positives, and no false negative
Summary
Smart healthcare (s-health) applications have great potential to positively impact the daily lives of many people, contributing to early detection, prevention, and long-term management of health conditions. Is category highlights the type of sensors employed in continuous user authentication systems, focusing on biosensors, which collect vital signs from users and are the basis for different services in the context of s-health. Among the biosensors, those commonly applied in continuous authentication systems are mechanical, electrical, and optical, as detailed next. Multiple sensors in the same device may offer multiple biosignals, Biosignal-based continuous authentication
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