Abstract
The classification of the accessory nerve (CN XI) remains a source of debate; its exact function has not been fully elucidated having also an atypical morphology for a cranial nerve. A better insight into its anatomical and physiological features is of clinical relevance. The aim was to conduct a review of 18th and 19th century books from the Royal Medical/Surgical Colleges in Scotland, United Kingdom. A contextual historical analysis of the depictions and descriptions of the accessory nerve could provide insight into the disparity in the current descriptions. Online archive catalogues were systematically searched and, during site visits, resources were formally and contextually analyzed, with the information then thematically analyzed. The themes were discussed against a widely known reference textbook of the era. Based on the thematic analysis, the resources were categorized either as practical anatomy books or field-specific anatomy books including neuroanatomy atlases. This intended use, along with the target audience, influenced the scope and detail of information, typically with general anatomy for students in the practical resources, and specialist information in the field-specific resources. The authors' professional background also influenced the way the accessory nerve was described and/or depicted, with surgeons/physicians placing emphasis on the clinical aspects. Content variations could also be attributed to communication restrictions of the era, and associated purchasing costs. Although scientific advances are nowadays disseminated at a faster pace, actively bridging the gap between anatomical sciences and clinical research is still needed when considering the accessory nerve to further elucidate the mysteries of this structure.
Highlights
The classification of the accessory nerve (CN XI) remains a source of debate; its exact function has not been fully elucidated having an atypical morphology for a cranial nerve
At present the accessory nerve, known as the eleventh cranial nerve (CN XI), remains a source of debate as to its exact function and classification (Johal et al, 2018). In terms of the latter, the accessory nerve has been named as a cranial nerve, yet it comprises two roots arising from the upper cervical spinal cord and the medulla oblongata, respectively (Binder, Sonne, & Fischbeim, 2010)
The intended use, and target audience, influenced the scope and detail of information contained within different resources; typically, with general, gross anatomy knowledge for the students in the practical books, and highly specialist, detailed information in the field-specific resources, including the neuroanatomy atlases
Summary
The classification of the accessory nerve (CN XI) remains a source of debate; its exact function has not been fully elucidated having an atypical morphology for a cranial nerve. At present the accessory nerve, known as the eleventh cranial nerve (CN XI), remains a source of debate as to its exact function and classification (Johal et al, 2018). In terms of the latter, the accessory nerve has been named as a cranial nerve, yet it comprises two roots arising from the upper cervical spinal cord and the medulla oblongata, respectively (Binder, Sonne, & Fischbeim, 2010). Analyzing the historical descriptions of the accessory nerve could provide insight into the disparity relating to this nerve's current descriptions
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