A constellation of SmallSats with synthetic tracking cameras to search for 90% of potentially hazardous near-Earth objects

Abstract

We present a new space mission concept that is capable of finding, detecting, and tracking 90% of near-Earth objects (NEO) with H magnitude of $\rm H\leq22$ (i.e., $\sim$140 m in size) that are potentially hazardous to the Earth. The new mission concept relies on two emerging technologies: the technique of synthetic tracking and the new generation of small and capable interplanetary spacecraft. Synthetic tracking is a technique that de-streaks asteroid images by taking multiple fast exposures. With synthetic tracking, an 800 sec observation with a 10 cm telescope in space can detect a moving object with apparent magnitude of 20.5 without losing sensitivity from streaking. We refer to NEOs with a minimum orbit intersection distance of $< 0.002$ au as Earth-grazers (EGs), representing typical albedo distributions. We show that a constellation of six SmallSats (comparable in size to 9U CubeSats) equipped with 10 cm synthetic tracking cameras and evenly-distributed in 1.0 au heliocentric orbit could detect 90% of EGs with $\rm H \leq 22~mag$ in $\sim$3.8 years of observing time. A more advanced constellation of nine 20 cm telescopes could detect 90% of $\rm H=24.2~mag$ (i.e., $\rm \sim 50~m$ in size) EGs in less than 5 years.