Abstract
The flow past a vehicle traveling at hypersonic speed through the atmosphere is energetic enough to cause vibrational and electronic excitations of the gas particles, as well as trigger chemical reactions. Finite element formulations based on a symmetric form of the conservation laws, such as Galerkin/least-squares, have been developed over the years, and have proved to be successful over a wide range of Mach and Reynolds numbers. They were aimed at solving the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations for perfect gases. Departures from the calorically perfect gas model are considered in the present work, with particular emphasis on thermochemical equilibrium. Applications to re-entry-type flows are presented.
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