Abstract
A condensed excited matter called Rydberg Matter (RM) have been studied experimentally for 30 years, but have not sparked widespread attention yet, unlike ordinary Rydberg atoms. RM formed by clusters of Rydberg atoms at a solid surface have a longer lifetime compared to Rydberg atoms, and is liquid-like. This review describes how the RM state is generated, and its potential applications. These include using RM for research into catalysis, space phenomena and sensor applications, or for producing environmentally friendly energy. A background on RM is presented, with its structure and special properties, and the working principle of RM generation. The experimental set-ups, materials, and detectors used are discussed, together with methods to improve the amount of RM produced. The materials used for the catalysts are of special interest, as this should have a large influence on the energy of the RM, and therefore also on the applications. Currently most of the catalysts used are potassium doped iron oxide designed for styrene production, which should give the possibility of improvements. And as there is little knowledge on the exact mechanisms for RM formation, suggestions are given as to where research should start.
Highlights
The world is still looking for new ways of producing clean energy, as it has been a long time since a truly new method have been developed
Rydberg Matter (RM) formed by clusters of Rydberg atoms at a solid surface have a longer lifetime compared to Rydberg atoms, and is liquid-like
The usage of hydrogen would benefit from an improved efficiency, and this is the concern of this review, describing how a condensed excited state of hydrogen atoms can improve efficiency for energy generation and enable & Kaiying Wang Kaiying.Wang@usn.no
Summary
The world is still looking for new ways of producing clean energy, as it has been a long time since a truly new method have been developed. Extrusions are calcinated at 400–1000 °C, where BET surface area decreases, and average pore radius increases with increasing temperature It is a large variation in the temperature used for producing RM for the different materials, with iron oxide being tested down to room temperature, and it is a general tendency that the doped catalyst set-up uses lower temperatures than the potassium beam. It consists of a metal oxide catalyst doped with K or Cs, which is heated to desorb atoms, ions, and Rydberg species This is shown, with two detectors that can be used for time-of-flight (TOF) measurements. The catalyst has mostly been a commercial potassium doped iron oxide catalyst for styrene production This has provided an easy way of producing Rydberg atoms, clusters, and RM for research, with a simple set-up and much lower temperatures needed than for other catalysts. The large size would fill much space, and it can explain the UIR bands that are observed from all parts of the universe
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