A concise review on potential cancer biomarkers and advanced manufacturing of smart platform-based biosensors for early-stage cancer diagnostics

Abstract

Advanced diagnostic technologies for early-stage detection of cancer are essential for proper management and guided therapeutics to increase chances of survival for patients. Presently, most forms of cancer get diagnosed post metastasis throughout the body resulting in late-stage treatment leading to fatality which may have otherwise been avoided. In order to overcome this limitation in cancer management, accurate, rapid and effective clinical screening diagnostic methods for cancer detection need to be urgently developed. In this review, we have compiled the extensive research being carried out in recent times on fabrication of biosensors for cancer diagnostics, as these devices may be customised to detect a particular target bio analyte (disease biomarker) of a specific cancer type, with the help of a corresponding bioreceptor (i.e., nucleic acid, protein, enzyme) using electrochemical/optical/piezoelectric signals that can be analysed with a special emphasis on the latest advancement in Internet of Things (IoT) based sensing technologies. We have correspondingly enumerated the latest cancer biomarkers that have been identified and may be used for potential diagnosis as well as to determine the effectiveness of drugs at different target sites and anticancer chemotherapeutic medication using sensor-based technology. This review provides a restructured base for ongoing research on cancer diagnostics, which may potentially help develop accurate point-of-care rapid diagnostic screening methods, for effective monitoring, management and treatment of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis at an early stage and reduce fatalities.