A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers

Abstract

1 Introduction. 1.1 Classification. References. 2 Plasticizers. 2.1 Principle of Action. 2.2 Principle of Selection. 2.3 Characterization. 2.4 Risks and Drawbacks. 2.5 Classes of Plasticizers. 2.6 Specific Examples of Application. References. 3 Fillers. 3.1 Surface Modification. 3.2 Special Applications. References. 4 Colorants. 4.1 Physics Behind a Color. 4.2 Color Index. 4.3 Test Standards. 4.4 Pigments. 4.5 Organic Colorants. References. 5 Optical Brighteners. 5.1 Basic Principles. 5.2 Measurement. 5.3 Inorganic Brighteners. 5.4 Organic Optical Brighteners. References. 6 Antimicrobial Additives. 6.1 Modes of Action. 6.2 Plasticizers. 6.3 Special Formulations. References. 7 Flame Retardants. 7.1 Mechanisms of Flame Retardants. 7.2 Smoke Suppressants. 7.3 Admixed Additives. 7.4 Bonded Additives. References. 8 Lubricants. 8.1 Principle of Action. 8.2 Methods of Incorporation. 8.3 Types of Lubricants. 8.4 Special Applications. References. 9 Antistatic Additives. 9.1 Types of Additives. 9.2 Areas of Application. 9.3 Additives in Detail. References. 10 Slip Agents. 10.1 Basic Principles of Action. 10.2 Compounds. 10.3 Special Formulations. References. 11 Surface Improvers. 11.1 Additives. References. 12 Nucleating Agents. 12.1 Crystalline Polymers. 12.2 Experimental Methods. 12.3 Classes of Nucleating Agents. 12.4 Crystallization Accelerators. 12.5 Clarifying Agents. References. 13 Antifogging Additives. 13.1 Field of Use. 13.2 Principles of Action. 13.3 Conventional Compounds. 13.4 Compounds for Grafting. References. 14 Antiblocking Additives. 14.1 Examples of Uses. References. 15 Hydrolysis. 15.1 Hydrolytic Degradation. 15.2 Polymers. References. 16 Dehydrochlorination Stabilizers. 16.1 Dehydrochlorination of PVC. 16.2 Stabilizers. 16.2.1Alkyl Tin Compounds. References. 17 Acid Scavengers. 17.1 Acid Scavenging. 17.2 Examples of Formulation. References. 18 Metal Deactivators. 18.1 Action of Metals in Polymers. 18.2 Usage. 18.3 Examples of Metal Deactivators. References. 19 Oxidative Degradation. 19.1 Autoxidation. 19.2 Inhibition of Autoxidation. References. 20 Degradation by Light. 20.1 Photolysis. 20.2 Photooxdation. 20.3 UV Stabilizers. References. 21 Blowing Agents. 21.1 Blowing Agents. 21.2 Ozone Depletion Potential. 21.3 Test Methods. 21.4 Special Applications. References. 22 Compatibilizers. 22.1 Estimation of Compatibility. 22.2 Compatibilizers. 22.3 Special Examples. References. 23 Prediction of Service Time. 23.1 Accelerated Aging. 23.2 Theory of Critical Distances. 23.3 Monte Carlo Methods. 23.4 Issues in Matrix Composites. References. 24 Safety and Hazards. 24.1 Plasticizers. 24.2 Flame Retardants. 24.3 Antifogging Agents. 24.4 Other. References. Index. Acronyms. Chemicals. General Index.