A conceptual design of a stand-alone hydrogen production system with low carbon dioxide emissions

Optimization of a methane autothermal reforming-based hydrogen production system with low CO2 emissions

The most important global challenge of concern for humanity is the change in the Earth's climate due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this regard, carbon dioxide reforming of methane is once again attracting more attention as the process uses two major greenhouse gases - methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as feedstock. The reaction product of which is synthesis gas, which is the primary building block to produce various valuable products. Rapid catalyst deactivation due to coking makes industrial development of this process difficult. Additionally, the low H2/CO ratio in synthesis gas, usually below 1.0, limits its further utilization. To solve these issues, it is necessary to create new effective coking-resistant catalysts, improve their chemical and structural composition and preparation methods, and optimize the process conditions. In this work, 5%Co-Rh/Al2O3, a bimetallic catalyst prepared by the sol-gel method (modified Pechini method) was studied in the processes of carbon dioxide and combined steam-carbon dioxide reforming of methane. It was shown that 5%Co-Rh(98:2)/Al2O3 sol-gel catalyst had a high activity in the carbon dioxide reforming of methane. The introduction of steam into the initial CH4-CO2 feedstock allows the regulation of the composition of the produced synthesis gas depending on the amount of water. At t=8000 , the degree of methane conversion is 92.5-95.8%, carbon dioxide – 85.6-97.4%, and H2/CO ratio = 1.0-2.1 depending on the amount of steam added.

Economic, environmental, and technical gains from the Kyoto Protocol: Evidence from cement manufacturing

Online shopping habits and the potential for reductions in carbon dioxide emissions from passenger transport

Design and evaluation of a heat-integrated hydrogen production system by reforming methane and carbon dioxide

Assessment of the energy utilization and carbon dioxide emission reduction potential of the microbial fertilizers. A case study on “farm-to-fork” production chain of Turkish desserts and confections

Highly dispersed nickel-tuned silica lanthana catalyst: Interplay of morphology and textural properties for hydrogen-rich syngas through the carbon dioxide reforming of methane

With growing climate change concerns, depleting natural resources and decrease in oil and gas prices, it is more vital than ever to efficiently manage natural resource allocation. Methane, the key component in natural gas and a raw material for numerous chemicals, is Qatar's more abundant resource. Natural gas can be monetized through many alternative paths. It can be sold as natural gas, either through pipelines or in liquefied form, or converted into diverse sets of fuels and materials using many alternative processing technologies. In the meantime, concerns of the effects of increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, majority of which are emitted from large industrial stationary sources and fuel consumption, have caused the global society to seek ambitious emission reduction targets.While on the one hand natural gas provides a clean fuel associated and enables carbon dioxide emissions through fuel switching globally, its local processing is associated with significant footprints. In the case of Qatar and its small population, this has resulted in very high per capita emissions. Most of the emissions are stationary and spatially concentrated in industrial clusters, where they originate mainly from natural gas processing, hydrocarbon processing, petrochemicals and metals production, and power and water generation.The industrial sector is challenged to balance profit making activities from natural gas monetization with increasing pressures to reduce overall carbon dioxide emissions. Conventional design of industrial parks centering on natural gas are carried out in an ad-hoc process that depends on the expertise of designers, available capital, market demand and regulations. Reduction methods in the past have been limited in technology, energy integration or geographical proximity to apply carbon capture and sequestration (CCS).Recently, carbon integration (Al-Mohannadi and Linke, 2015a,b) has been introduced as a systematic approach to determine the most efficient carbon dioxide reduction options in industrial parks by considering multiple carbon dioxide sources, potential carbon sinks, the layout of the city and the associated costs of transmission and conditioning. Carbon integration looks into the various conversion routes that take carbon dioxide into value added products, which can be converted chemically, biologically or through geographical utilization such as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) applications. This creates incentives to reduce carbon emissions, to create synergies between firms and to produce additional products in the cluster, while adhering to required emission reduction targets.Beyond focusing on low cost carbon dioxide emissions reduction, the broader design challenge for a natural gas monetizing industrial cluster is to identify the most promising configurations from the vast number of alternatives that exist from the possible combinations of many alternative natural gas monetization processes, and the many alternative carbon management options that could be applied, whilst exploiting synergies between natural gas conversion and carbon management. Most previous works have focused on different aspects of the overall problem: optimizing gas conversion processes, and managing carbon dioxide emissions reductions. Very few works have considered monetization in industrial clusters, and there is no published work on how to systemically make gas monetization decisions under carbon dioxide emissions constraints.This work introduces the first systematic approach to allocate natural resource under carbon dioxide footprint constraints. The approach yields integrated natural gas and carbon dioxide management schemes that yield the maximum profit for the given gas monetization and carbon dioxide management options and constraints that exist in the industrial cluster. The work explores different carbon dioxide emission reduction scenarios; expansion plans and determines most profitable product mix from an industrial cluster. By taking into consideration the tradeoff between environmental performance and potential profitability of natural resource allocation, it provides valuable information to decision makers from an optimization based tool. Policy makers and regulators can use the tool for developing strategies and for planning of more sustainable industrial clusters, parks or cities.The work is illustrated using a case study to demonstrate the application of the method on industrial cluster resembling a configuration of gas monetization options often observed in oil and gas centered economies.KeywordsResource Allocation, Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide emissions, Carbon Integration, Natural Gas Allocation, Gas Monetization, Carbon Reduction, Process Integration, Industrial Parks, Planning, Modeling, Optimization.ReferencesAl-Mohannadi, D.M., P. Linke (2015). On the Systematic Carbon Integration of Industrial Parks for Climate Footprint Reduction. Journal of Cleaner Production, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.094.Al-Mohannadi, D.M., S.K. Bishnu, P. Linke, S.Y. Alnouri (2015b). Systematic Multi-Period Carbon Integration in an Industrial City. Chemical Engineering Transactions 45, 1219–1224.

ConspectusGlobal climate change caused by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases has become one of the greatest threats to human survival in the 21st century. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas on earth and has brought about serious environmental problems nowadays. On the basis of the current situation, it is urgent to reach the peak of carbon dioxide emission and then achieve carbon neutrality via policy support and engineering strategies within advanced materials and technologies. Carbon neutrality requires an appropriate balance between the emission and reduction of carbon dioxide. The emission of carbon dioxide mainly comes from modern industries, and the reduction requires several steps, including capture, conversion, and application. On one hand, it can reduce carbon dioxide emission by promoting the transformation of industrial structure. On the other hand, it is necessary to remove high-level carbon dioxide existing in the atmosphere by physical and chemical methods such as adsorption capture and catalytic conversion.This Account showcases our recent progress on carbon neutrality for the reduction of carbon dioxide through capture and conversion methods within advanced materials and technologies. We mainly focus on the right side of the carbon scale and have made some advances such as moisture-swing chemisorption for carbon dioxide capture, the reduction of oxygen-containing carbon dioxide, and the photothermal catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide. Different from previous studies, our work is about developing materials and techniques for practical applications. First, we have made attempts to develop cheap sorbents with high stability and a high adsorption capacity. Second, we have reported a moisture-swing technique with the capability of directly capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by relying on the humidity variation with low energy consumption. This technique is promising for realizing real-time carbon dioxide capture and utilization, which avoids high-cost storage and transport processes. Third, our work on carbon dioxide utilization focuses on efficient conversion under practical conditions. For instance, we have developed perovskite catalysts for converting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide in an oxygen-containing environment. Furthermore, core–shell catalysts have been reported for carbon dioxide conversion with a high selectivity of 83% driven by solar energy. In addition, practical applications of captured carbon dioxide have been explored with respect to carbon dioxide-assisted graphene exfoliation, keeping fruit fresh, and crop growth promotion with carbon dioxide gas fertilizer. A future perspective on the challenges and opportunities for carbon neutrality has been provided on the basis of our experimental studies and theoretical predictions. It is expected that this Account will promote tremendous effort in the development of advanced materials and engineering technologies toward the realization of carbon neutrality by the middle of this century.

Dredging projects use large amounts of fuel, which leads to substantial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Until now, reducing the carbon footprint of dredging projects has mainly involved investigating the possibilities of dredging schemes and vessels that are more fuel efficient. A reduction in the order of 10–20% may be within reach, most of it is a win–win situation since fuel reduction will also reduce costs. A further reduction in carbon dioxide emissions may be possible on a project-by-project basis but will involve a trade-off between dredging costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Marine engineering projects also have an impact on primary production and formation of organic carbon and on sedimentation processes and burial of organic carbon in sediments. Both impacts influence carbon sequestration and can be a substantial or even overriding factor in the ‘carbon footprint’ of a project. The carbon footprint of a marine engineering project is often larger and more complex than previously anticipated. However, a more comprehensive carbon footprint also shows that a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is possible when the designs and dredging and maintenance schemes stimulate sequestration of organic carbon in the wider environment.

The Information Technology industry is rapidly expanding and as a result its contribution to carbon dioxide emission is also rapidly increasing. Fortunately, the cloud computing industry is perceived by many to be a viable solution for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Accordingly, there are numerous studies which try to prove that cloud computing can reduce carbon dioxide emissions up to more than half of the current carbon dioxide emissions. In this paper, two of such studies where reviewed to assess whether cloud computing is indeed a viable candidate for limiting and reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the IT industry. All the information gathered in this paper prove that; cloud computing is a promising technology which could reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The percentage of decrease can range from 10% to 90%. The effectiveness of the carbon dioxide emission reduction process is highly dependent on the size of the business organization. Accordingly the size of the organization is negatively correlated to the efficiency of carbon dioxide reduction. This means that as the size of the organization increase, carbon dioxide emission reduction decrease. This paper also presented the four reasons why cloud computing can reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which are: dynamic provisioning, multi-tenancy, server utilization, and data center efficiency.

Hydrogen production from carbon dioxide reforming of methane over Ni–Co/MgO–ZrO 2 catalyst: Process optimization

Contents. Acknowledgements. Preface. Part 1: Pollutant Emissions. Analysis of Multiple Emission Strategies in Energy Markets J.A. Beamon, R.T. Eynon. Mercury in Illinois Coats: Abundance, Forms, and Environmental Effects I. Demir. Characterization of Particulate Matter with Computer-Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy S.A. Benson, et al. Dioxin and Furan Formation in FBC Boilers L. Jia, et al. Reducing Emissions of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons from Coal Tar Pitches J.M. Andresen, et al. Part 2: Carbon Sequestration. Carbon Sequestration: An Option for Mitigating Global Climate Change R.L. Kane, D.E. Klein. Using a Life Cycle Approach in Analyzing the Net Energy and Global Warming Potential of Power Production via Fossil Fuels with C02 Sequestration Compared to Biomass P.L. Spath. Carbon Storage and Sequestration as Mineral Carbonates D.J. Fauth, et al. Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide by Ocean Fertilization M. Markels, et al. Polyelectrolyte Cages for a Novel Biomimetic CO2 Sequestration System F.A. Simsek-Ege, et al. Novel Solid Sorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture Y. Soong et al. Part 3: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control. Near Zero Emission Power Plants as Future CO2 Control Technologies P. Mathieu. Reducing Greenhouse Emissions from Lignite Power Generation by Improving Current Drying Technologies G. Favas, et al. Reduction Process Of CO2 Emissions by Treating With Waste Concrete via an Artificial Weathering Process A. Yamasaki, et al. Understanding Brown Coal-Water Interaction to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions L.M. Clemow, et al. High Temperature Combustion of Methane over Thermally Stable CoO-MgO Catalyst for Controlling MethaneEmissions from Oil/Gas-Fired Furnaces V.R. Choudhary, et al. Dual-Bed Catalytic System for Removal of NOx-N2O in Lean-Burn Engine Exhausts A.R. Vaccaro, et al. Part 4: Utilization of CO2 of CO2 for Synthesis Gas Production. Tri-reforming of Natural Gas Using CO2 in Flue Gas of Power Plants without CO2 Pre-separation for Production of Synthesis Gas with Desired H2O/CO Ratios C. Song, et al. Effect of Pressure on Catalyst Activity and Carbon Deposition During CO2 Reforming of Methane over Noble-Metal Catalysts A. Shamsi, C.D. Johnson. CO2 Reforming of CH4 to Syngas over Ni Supported on Nano-g-Al2O3 Jun Mei Wei, et al. Oxy-CO2 Reforming and Oxy-CO2 Steam Reforming of Methane to Syngas over CoxNi1-xO/MgO/SA-5205 V.R. Choudhary, et al. Carbon Routes In Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane L. Pinaeva, et al. Part 5: Utilization of CO2 for chemical synthesis. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) applied to the synthesis of methanol. Comparison of the use of syngas with the use of CO2 and dihydrogen produced from renewables M. Aresta, et al. Reduction of CO2 in Steam Using a Photocatalytic Process to Form Formic Acid D.D. Link, C.E. Taylor. Carbon Dioxide as a Soft Oxidant: Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene Into Styrene S.-E. Park, et al. CO2 as a C1-Building Block for Dialkyl Carbonate Synthesis D. Ballivet-Tkatchenko. Part 6: Combustion Byproducts. An Investigation of the Characteristics of Unburned Carbon in Oil Fly Ash Y.-M. Hsieh, M.-S. Tsai. Separation of Fly Ash Carbons

In Rwanda, farmers in agriculture field are facing a lot of challenges especially pouring water in their field to keep their plants healthy. For combating with these challenges, an automatic irrigation system can be used. This is possible by using soil moisture sensors, Programmable Logic Controller, motor pumps and solenoid valves. Diesel pumping systems are mostly used in irrigation because most of the agriculture lands are located in areas where there is no electricity. In this paper the use of solar PV systems in agriculture irrigation as solution of reduction of carbon dioxide emissions (CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ) in Rwanda is presented. Simulation with Hybrid optimization Model for Electric Renewables tool (HOMER) at Kigina site, Rweru sector, in Bugesera district shows that the diesel water pumping system emit a big amount of gases as it is found that emission of gases is 231,119kg/year for carbon dioxide (CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ), 1,443kg/year for carbon monoxide (CO), 63.6kg/year for unburned hydrocarbons, 8.65kg/year for particular matter, 566kg/year sulfur dioxide (SO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ) and 1,356kg/year nitrogen oxide ($\mathrm{NO}_{\mathrm{x}}$) but for the solar PV systems no emission of those gazes. The benefit of using solar powered irrigation system is also demonstrated in terms of cost in this paper.

The effects of process parameters on carbon dioxide reforming of methane over Co–Mo–MgO/MWCNTs nanocomposite catalysts